Breasts: The Owner’s Manual: Clinical References

The official and complete list of endnotes containing all the scientific studies referenced in the bestselling book Breasts: The Owner’s Manual by Dr. Kristi Funk.

Introduction

     1.  Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, “Familial Breast Cancer: Collaborative Reanalysis of Individual Data from 52 Epidemiological Studies Including 58,209 Women with Breast Cancer and 101,986 Women Without the Disease,”Lancet358, no. 9291 (2001): 1389–99.

     2.  J. A. Dumalaon-Canaria et al., “What Causes Breast Cancer? A Systematic Review of Causal Attributions Among Breast Cancer Survivors and How These Compare to Expert-Endorsed Risk Factors,” Cancer Causes & Control25, no. 7 (2014): 771–85.

     3.  L. M. Sánchez-Zamorano et al., “Healthy Lifestyle on the Risk of Breast Cancer,” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers20, no. 5 (2011): 912–22.

     4.  D. Evans et al., “The Angelina Jolie Effect: How High Celebrity Profile Can Have a Major Impact on Provision of Cancer-Related Services,” Breast Cancer Research16, no. 5 (2014): 442; D. Evans et al., “Longer-Term Effects of the Angelina Jolie Effect: Increased Risk-Reducing Mastectomy Rates in BRCA Carriers and Other High-Risk Women,” Breast Cancer Research17, no. 1 (2015): 143; R. H. Juthe, A. Zaharchuk, and C. Wang, “Celebrity Disclosures and Information Seeking: The Case of Angelina Jolie,” Genetics in Medicine17, no. 7 (2014): 545–53; P. B. Lebo et al., “The Angelina Effect Revisited: Exploring a Media-Related Impact on Public Awareness,” Cancer121, no. 22 (2015): 3959–64; C. M. Malcolm, M. U. Javed, and D. Nguyen, “Has the Angelina Jolie Effect Led to an Increase in Risk-Reducing Mastectomy and Breast Reconstruction in Wales: A Retrospective, Single-Centre Cohort Study,” Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery69, no. 2 (2016): 288–89; C. Staudigl et al., “Changes of Socio-demographic Data of Clients Seeking Genetic Counseling for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Due to the ‘Angelina Jolie Effect,’” BMC Cancer16, no. 1 (2016): 436; J. Lee et al., “Influence of the Angelina Jolie Announcement and Insurance Reimbursement on Practice Patterns for Hereditary Breast Cancer,” Journal of Breast Cancer20, no. 2 (2017): 203–7.

     5.  P. Anand et al., “Cancer Is a Preventable Disease That Requires Major Lifestyle Changes,” Pharmaceutical Research25, no. 9 (2008): 2097–116; L. M. Sánchez-Zamorano et al., “Healthy Lifestyle on the Risk of Breast Cancer,” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers 20, no. 5 (2011): 912–22.

Chapter 1: Breast Care ABCs

     1.  C. Adem et al., “Primary Breast Sarcoma: Clinicopathologic Series from the Mayo Clinic and Review of the Literature,” British Journal of Cancer91, no. 2 (2004): 237–41.

     2.  R. P. Rapini, J. L. Bolognia, and J. L. Jorizzo, Dermatology: 2-Volume Set(St. Louis: Mosby, 2007).

Chapter 2: Debunking Breast Cancer Myths

     1.  A. S. Hamilton and T. M. Mack, “Puberty and Genetic Susceptibility to Breast Cancer in a Case-Control Study in Twins,” New England Journal of Medicine348, no. 23 (2003): 2313–22.

     2.  American Cancer Society, Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2017–2018 (2017), accessed December 3, 2017, https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research​/cancer-facts-and-statistics/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures/breast-cancer-facts-and​-figures-2017-2018.pdf.

     3.  American Cancer Society, Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2017–2018 (2017), accessed December 7, 2017, https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research​/cancer​-facts-and-statistics/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures/breast-cancer-facts-and​-figures-2017-2018.pdf.

     4.  American Cancer Society, Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2017–2018 (2017), accessed December 3, 2017, https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research​/cancer-facts-and-statistics/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures/breast-cancer-facts-and​-figures-2017-2018.pdf.

     5.  American Cancer Society, Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2017–2018 (2017), accessed December 6, 2017, https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research​/cancer-facts-and-statistics/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures/breast-cancer-facts-and​-figures-2017-2018.pdf.

     6.  D. Ornish et al., “Changes in Prostate Gene Expression in Men Undergoing an Intensive Nutrition and Lifestyle Intervention,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences105, no. 24 (2008): 8369–74.

     7.  K. B. Michels et al., “Coffee, Tea, and Caffeine Consumption and Breast Cancer Incidence in a Cohort of Swedish Women,” Annals of Epidemiology 12, no. 1 (January 2002): 21–26; L. J. Vatten, K. Solvoll, and E. B. Løken, “Coffee Consumption and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Prospective Study of 14,593 Norwegian Women,” British Journal of Cancer62 (1990): 267–70.

     8.  J. A. Baker et al., “Consumption of Coffee, but Not Black Tea, Is Associated with Decreased Risk of Premenopausal Breast Cancer,” Journal of Nutrition 136, no. 1 (January 2006): 166–71; J. Li et al., “Coffee Consumption Modifies Risk of Estrogen-Receptor Negative Breast Cancer,” Breast Cancer Research13, no. 3 (2011): R49.

     9.  P. W. Parodi, “Dairy Product Consumption and the Risk of Breast Cancer,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition24, no. 6 (December 2005): 556S–68S; W. Al Sarakbi, M. Salhab, and K. Mokbel, “Dairy Products and Breast Cancer Risk: A Review of the Literature,” International Journal of Fertility and Women’s Medicine50, no. 6 (November–December 2005): 244–49; P. G. Moorman and P. D. Terry, “Consumption of Dairy Products and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Review of the Literature,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition80, no. 1 (2004): 5–14; M. H. Shin et al., “Intake of Dairy Products, Calcium, and Vitamin D and Risk of Breast Cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute94, no. 17 (September 2002): 1301–11.

   10.  S. A. Missmer et al., “Meat and Dairy Food Consumption and Breast Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of Cohort Studies,” International Journal of Epidemiology31, no. 1 (February 2002): 78–85; M. D. Holmes et al., “Meat, Fish and Egg Intake and Risk of Breast Cancer,” International Journal of Cancer104, no. 2 (March 2003): 221–27; D. D. Alexander et al., “A Review and Meta-analysis of Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Breast Cancer,” Nutrition Research Reviews23, no. 2 (2010): 349–65.

   11.  V. Estrella et al., “Acidity Generated by the Tumor Microenvironment Drives Local Invasion,” Cancer Research73, no. 5 (2013): 1524–35; J. B. McGillen et al., “A General Reaction–Diffusion Model of Acidity in Cancer Invasion,” Journal of Mathematical Biology68, no. 5 (2014): 1199–224; K. O. Alfarouk, A. K. Muddathir, and M. E. A. Shayoub, “Tumor Acidity as Evolutionary Spite,” Cancers3, no. 1 (2011): 408–14; M. F. McCarty and J. Whitaker, “Manipulating Tumor Acidification as a Cancer Treatment Strategy,” Alternative Medicine Review15, no. 3 (2010): 264–72.

   12.  C. R. Cassileth, Principles and Practice of Gastrointestinal Oncology(Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008): 137.

   13.  S. R. Harris et al., “Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Care and Treatment of Breast Cancer: 11. Lymphedema,” Canadian Medical Association Journal164, no. 2 (2001): 191–99.

   14.  L. Chen, K. E. Malone, and C. I. Li, “Bra Wearing Not Associated with Breast Cancer Risk: A Population-Based Case-Control Study,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention23, no. 10 (2014): 2181–85.

   15.  D. K. Mirick, S. Davis, and D. B. Thomas, “Antiperspirant Use and the Risk of Breast Cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 94 (2002): 1578–80; P. D. Gikas, L. Mansfield, and K. Mokbel, “Do Underarm Cosmetics Cause Breast Cancer?” International Journal of Fertility and Women’s Medicine 49 (2004): 212–14.

   16.  P. D. Darbre, “Aluminum, Antiperspirants and Breast Cancer,” Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry99, no. 9 (2005): 1912–19.

   17.  P. D. Darbre, F. Mannello, and C. Exley, “Aluminium and Breast Cancer: Sources of Exposure, Tissue Measurements and Mechanisms of Toxicological Actions on Breast Biology,” Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry128 (2013): 257–61.

   18.  C. C. Willhite et al., “Systematic Review of Potential Health Risks Posed by Pharmaceutical, Occupational and Consumer Exposures to Metallic and Nanoscale Aluminum, Aluminum Oxides, Aluminum Hydroxide and Its Soluble Salts,” Critical Reviews in Toxicology44, no. 4 (2014): 1–80.

   19.  P. D. Darbre et al., “Concentrations of Parabens in Human Breast Tumours,” Journal of Applied Toxicology24 (2004): 5–13.

   20.  L. Barr et al., “Measurement of Paraben Concentrations in Human Breast Tissue at Serial Locations Across the Breast from Axilla to Sternum,” Journal of Applied Toxicology32 (2012): 219–32.

   21.  D. K. Mirick, S. Davis, and D. B. Thomas, “Antiperspirant Use and the Risk of Breast Cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute94 (2002): 1578–80.

   22.  S. Fakri, A. Al-Azzawi, and N. Al-Tawil, “Antiperspirant Use as a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer in Iraq,” Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal12, nos. 3–4 (2006): 478–82.

   23.  K. G. McGrath, “An Earlier Age of Breast Cancer Diagnosis Related to More Frequent Use of Antiperspirants/Deodorants and Underarm Shaving,” European Journal of Cancer Prevention12 (2003): 479–85.

   24.  “Breast Cancer Statistics,” World Cancer Research Fund International, accessed June 10, 2017, http://www.wcrf.org/int/cancer-facts-figures/data-specific-cancers​/breast-cancer-statistics.

   25.  M. Donovan et al., “Personal Care Products That Contain Estrogens or XenoestrogensMay Increase Breast Cancer Risk,” Medical Hypotheses68 (2007): 756–66.

   26.  L. Rosenberg et al., “Hair Relaxers Not Associated with Breast Cancer Risk: Evidence from the Black Women’s Health Study,” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers16, no. 5 (2007): 1035–37.

   27.  M. E. Herman-Giddens et al., “Secondary Sexual Characteristics and Menses in Young Girls Seen in Office Practice: A Study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network,” Pediatrics99, no. 4 (1997): 505–12.

   28.  M. Donovan et al., “Personal Care Products That Contain Estrogens or Xenoestrogens May Increase Breast Cancer Risk,” Medical Hypotheses68, no. 4 (2007): 756–66.

   29.  V. R. Jacobs et al., “Mastitis Nonpuerperalis After Nipple Piercing: Time to Act,”International Journal of Fertility and Women’s Medicine48, no. 5 (2002): 226–31; J. Martin, “Is Nipple Piercing Compatible with Breastfeeding?” Journal of Human Lactation20, no. 3 (2004): 319–21.

   30.  N. Kluger and V. Koljonen, “Tattoos, Inks, and Cancer,” Lancet Oncology13, no. 4 (2012): e161–e168.

   31.  K. Lehner et al., “Black Tattoo Inks Are a Source of Problematic Substances such as Dibutyl Phthalate,” Contact Dermatitis65 (2011): 231–38.

   32.  M. Shermer, “Can You Hear Me Now? The Truth About Cell Phones and Cancer,” Scientific American303, no. 4 (2010): 98.

   33.  B. Leikind, “Do Cell Phones Cause Cancer?” Skeptic15, no. 4 (2010): 30.

   34.  E. Cardis et al., “Brain Tumour Risk in Relation to Mobile Telephone Use: Results of the INTERPHONE International Case-Control Study,” International Journal of Epidemiology39 (2010): 675; C. Johansen et al., “Cellular Telephones and Cancer: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Denmark,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute93 (2001): 203; V. G. Khurana et al., “Cell Phones and Brain Tumors: A Review Including the Long-Term Epidemiologic Data,” Surgical Neurology70 (2009): 205; V. S. Benson et al., “Mobile Phone Use and Risk of Brain Neoplasms and Other Cancers: Prospective Study,” International Journal of Epidemiology42, no. 3 (2013): 792–802.

   35.  V. G. Khurana et al., “Cell Phones and Brain Tumors: A Review Including the Long-Term Epidemiologic Data,” Surgical Neurology70 (2009): 205.

   36.  E. R. Schoenfeld et al., “Electromagnetic Fields and Breast Cancer on Long Island: A Case-Control Study,” American Journal of Epidemiology158, no. 1 (2003): 47–58.

   37.  P. K. Verkasalo et al., “Magnetic Fields of High Voltage Power Lines and Risk of Cancer in Finnish Adults: Nationwide Cohort Study,” British Medical Journal 313 (1996): 1047–51; S. Davis, D. K. Mirick, and R. G. Stevens, “Residential Magnetic Fields and the Risk of Breast Cancer,” American Journal of Epidemiology155, no. 5 (2002): 446–54.

   38.  R. K. Adair, “Constraints on Biological Effects of Weak Extremely-Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields,” Physics ReviewA43 (1991): 1039–48.

   39.  Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, “Breast Cancer and Hormonal Contraceptives: Collaborative Reanalysis of Individual Data on 53,297 Women with Breast Cancer and 100,239 Women Without Breast Cancer from 54 Epidemiological Studies,”Lancet347, no. 9017 (1996): 1713–27.

   40.  Jennifer M. Gierisch et al., “Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Breast, Cervical, Colorectal, and Endometrial Cancers: A Systematic Review,” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers22, no. 11 (2013): 1931–43.

   41.  S. A. Narod et al., “Oral Contraceptives and the Risk of Hereditary Ovarian Cancer: Hereditary Ovarian Cancer Clinical Study Group,” New England Journal of Medicine339, no. 7 (1998): 424–28.

   42.  G. Nikas et al., “Endometrial Pinopodes Indicate a Shift in the Window of Receptivity in IVF Cycles,” Human Reproduction14 (1999): 787–92.

   43.  C. Fei et al., “Fertility Drugs and Young-Onset Breast Cancer: Results from the Two Sister Study,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute104 (2012): 1021–27; L. G. Liat et al., “Are Infertility Treatments a Potential Risk Factor for Cancer Development? Perspective of 30 Years of Follow-Up,” Gynecological Endocrinology28, no. 10 (2012): 809–14; L. M. Stewart et al., “In Vitro Fertilization and Breast Cancer: Is There Cause for Concern?” Fertility and Sterility98, no. 2 (2012): 334–40; A. N. Yli-Kuha et al., “Cancer Morbidity in a Cohort of 9,175 Finnish Women Treated for Infertility,” Human Reproduction27, no. 4 (2012): 1149–55; L. A. Brinton et al., “In Vitro Fertilization and Risk of Breast and Gynecologic Cancers: A Retrospective Cohort Study Within the Israeli Maccabi Healthcare Services,” Fertility and Sterility99, no. 5 (2013): 1189–96.

   44.  T. N. Sergentanis et al., “IVF and Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Human Reproduction Update20, no. 1 (2013): 106–23.

   45.  A. Q. van den Belt-Dusebout et al., “Ovarian Stimulation for In Vitro Fertilization and Long-Term Risk of Breast Cancer,” Journal of the American Medical Association316, no. 3 (2016): 300–312.

   46.  L. M. Stewart, “In Vitro Fertilization and Breast Cancer: Is There Cause for Concern?” Fertility and Sterility98, no. 2 (2012): 334–40.

   47.  V. Beral et al., “Breast Cancer and Abortion: Collaborative Reanalysis of Data from 53 Epidemiological Studies, including 83,000 Women with Breast Cancer from 16 Countries,” Lancet363, no. 9414 (2004): 1007–16; K. B. Michels et al., “Induced and Spontaneous Abortion and Incidence of Breast Cancer Among Young Women: A Prospective Cohort Study,” Archives of Internal Medicine167, no. 8 (2007): 814–20; G. K. Reeves et al., “Breast Cancer Risk in Relation to Abortion: Results from the EPIC Study,”International Journal of Cancer119, no. 7 (2006): 1741–45; J. Couzin, “Cancer Risk: Review Rules Out Abortion–Cancer Link,” Science299, no. 5612 (2003): 1498.

   48.  National Cancer Institute, “Abortion, Miscarriage, and Breast Cancer Risk: 2003 Workshop,” reviewed January 2010, https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/abortion-miscarriage-risk.

   49.  V. Beral et al., “Breast Cancer and Abortion: Collaborative Reanalysis of Data from 53 Epidemiological Studies, Including 83,000 Women with Breast Cancer from 16 Countries,” Lancet363, no. 9414 (2004): 1007–16.

   50.  D. M. Deapen et al., “The Relationship Between Breast Cancer and Augmentation Mammaplasty: An Epidemiologic Study,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery77, no. 3 (1986): 361–68.

   51.  D. M. Deapen et al., “Cancer Risk Among Los Angeles Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery119, no. 7 (2007): 1987–92.

   52.  E. C. Noels et al., “Breast Implants and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies,” Aesthetic Surgery Journal35, no. 1 (2015): 55–62.

   53.  K. Kjøller et al., “Characteristics of Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants Compared with Women with Other Types of Cosmetic Surgery and Population-Based Controls in Denmark,” Annals of Plastic Surgery50, no. 1 (2003): 6–12.

   54.  A. Stivala et al., “Breast Cancer Risk in Women Treated with Augmentation Mammoplasty,” Oncology Reports28, no. 1 (2012): 3–7.

   55.  M. McCarthy, “Rare Lymphoma Is Linked to Breast Implants, US Officials Conclude,” British Medical Journal356 (2017).

   56.  K. Lund, M. Ewertz, and G. Schou, “Breast Cancer Incidence Subsequent to Surgical Reduction of the Female Breast,” Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery 21, no. 2 (1987): 209–12; M. Baasch et al., “Breast Cancer Incidence Subsequent to Surgical Reduction of the Female Breast,” British Journal of Cancer 73, no. 9 (1996): 961; J. D. Boice et al., “Cancer Following Breast Reduction Surgery in Denmark,” Cancer Causes and Control8, no. 2 (1997): 253–58; J. D. Boice et al., “Breast Cancer Following Breast Reduction Surgery in Sweden,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery106, no. 5 (2000): 755–62; M. H. Brown et al., “A Cohort Study of Breast Cancer Risk in Breast Reduction Patients,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 103, no. 8 (1999): 1674–81; J. P. Fryzek et al., “A Nationwide Study of Breast Cancer Incidence Following Breast Reduction Surgery in a Large Cohort of Swedish Women,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 97, no. 2 (2006): 131–34; L. A. Brinton et al., “Breast Cancer Risk in Relation to Amount of Tissue Removed During Breast Reduction Operations in Sweden,” Cancer91, no. 3 (2001): 478–83; L. A. Brinton et al., “Breast Enlargement and Reduction: Results from a Breast Cancer Case-Control Study,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 97, no. 2 (1996): 269–75.

   57.  R. E. Tarone et al., “Breast Reduction Surgery and Breast Cancer Risk: Does Reduction Mammaplasty Have a Role in Primary Prevention Strategies for Women at High Risk of Breast Cancer?” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 113, no. 9 (2004): 2104–10.

   58.  A. Brodiet, B. Long, and Q. Lu, “Aromatase Expression in the Human Breast,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 49, no. 1 (1998): S85–91; K. Lund, M. Ewertz, and G. Schou, “Breast Cancer Incidence Subsequent to Surgical Reduction of the Female Breast,” Scandinavian Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery 21, no. 2 (1987): 209–12.

   59.  D. Trichopoulos and L. Lipworth, “Is Cancer Causation Simpler Than We Thought, but More Intractable?” Epidemiology6, no. 4 (1995): 347–49; W. Y. J. Imagawa, R. Guzman, and S. Nandi, Control of Mammary Gland Growth and Differentiation, 2nd ed. (New York: Raven Press, 1994); R. T. Senie et al., “Is Breast Size a Predictor of Breast Cancer Risk or the Laterality of the Tumor?” Cancer Causes and Control4, no. 3 (1993): 203–8.

   60.  A. S. Kusano et al., “A Prospective Study of Breast Size and Premenopausal Breast Cancer Incidence,” International Journal of Cancer118, no. 8 (2006): 2031–34.

   61.  R. T. Senie et al., “Is Breast Size a Predictor of Breast Cancer Risk or the Laterality of the Tumor?” Cancer Causes and Control4, no. 3 (1993): 203–8; R. N. Katariya, A. P. Forrest, and I. H. Gravelle, “Breast Volumes in Cancer of the Breast,” British Journal of Cancer29, no. 3 (1974): 270–73; E. Thurfjell et al., “Breast Size and Mammographic Pattern in Relation to Breast Cancer Risk,” European Journal of Cancer Prevention 5, no. l (1996): 37–41; E. L. Wynder, I. J. Bross, and T. Hirayama, “A Study of the Epidemiology of Cancer of the Breast,” Cancer13 (1960): 559–601; H. O. Adami and A. Rimsten, “Adipose Tissue and Aetiology of Breast Cancer,” Lancet2, no. 8091 (1978): 677–78; T. Hirohata, A. M. Nomura, and L. N. Kolonel, “Breast Size and Cancer,” British Medical Journal2, no. 6087 (1977): 641; I. Soini, “Risk Factors of Breast Cancer in Finland,” International Journal of Epidemiology6, no. 4 (1977): 365–73; A. Tavani et al., “Breast Size and Breast Cancer Risk,” European Journal of Cancer Prevention5, no. 5 (1996): 337–42.

   62.  C. T. Pham and S. J. McPhee, “Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Among Vietnamese Women,” Journal of Cancer Education7, no. 4 (1992): 305–10.

   63.  R. J. Donovan et al., “Changes in Beliefs About Cancer in Western Australia, 1964–2001,” Medical Journal of Australia181 (2004): 23–25.

Chapter 3: Eat This

     1.  T. P. Butler and P. M. Gullino, “Quantitation of Cell Shedding into Efferent Blood of Mammary Adenocarcinoma,” Cancer Research35, no. 3 (1975): 512–16.

     2.  T. C. Campbell and T. M. Campbell II, The China Study: The Most Comprehensive Study of Nutrition Ever Conducted and the Startling Implications for Diet, Weight Loss, and Long-Term Health(Dallas: BenBella, 2004).

     3.  M. O. Harris et al., “Grasses and Gall Midges: Plant Defense and Insect Adaptation,” Annual Review of Entomology48, no. 1 (2003): 549–77.

     4.  A. A. Oliveira et al., “Antimicrobial Activity of Amazonian Medicinal Plants,” SpringerPlus2, no. 1 (2013): 371.

     5.  J. Sun et al., “Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Fruits,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50 (2002): 7449–54; Y. F. Chu et al., “Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Vegetables,”Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry50 (2002): 6910–16; L. O. Dragsted, M. Strube, and J. C. Larsen, “Cancer-Protective Factors in Fruits and Vegetables: Biochemical and Biological Background,” Pharmacology and Toxicology72 (1993): 116–35; A. R. Waladkhani and M. R. Clemens, “Effect of Dietary Phytochemicals on Cancer Development,” International Journal of Molecular Medicine1 (1998): 747–53.

     6.  M. Valko et al., “Free Radicals, Metals, and Antioxidants in Oxidative Stress​-Induced Cancer,” Chemico-Biological Interactions160, no. 1 (2006): 1–40.

     7.  B. Burton-Freeman et al., “Strawberry Modulates LDL Oxidation and Postprandial Lipemia in Response to High-Fat Meal in Overweight Hyperlipidemic Men and Women,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition29, no. 1 (2010): 46–54.

     8.  M. A. Martinez-Gonzalez and N. Martin-Calvo, “Mediterranean Diet and Life Expectancy: Beyond Olive Oil, Fruits, and Vegetables,” Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care19, no. 6 (2016): 401–7.

     9.  A. Trichopoulou et al., “Cancer and Mediterranean Dietary Traditions,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention9, no. 9 (2000): 869–73; W. C. Willett et al., “Mediterranean Diet Pyramid: A Cultural Model for Healthy Eating,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition61, no. 6 (1995): 1402S–6S; F. Levi, F Lucchini, and C. La Vecchia, “Worldwide Patterns of Cancer Mortality,” European Journal of Cancer Prevention3 (1994): 109–43.

   10.  A. Castelló et al., “Spanish Mediterranean Diet and Other Dietary Patterns and Breast Cancer Risk: Case-Control EpiGEICAM Study,” British Journal of Cancer111, no. 7 (2014): 1454–62.

   11.  P. A. van den Brandt and M. Schulpen, “Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: Results of a Cohort Study and Meta-analysis,” International Journal of Cancer140 (2017): 2220–31.

   12.  G. Buckland et al., “Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Risk of Breast Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Cohort Study,” International Journal of Cancer132, no. 12 (2013): 2918–27.

   13.  K. Pintha, S. Yodkeeree, and P. Limtrakul, “Proanthocyanidin in Red Rice Inhibits MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Invasion via the Expression Control of Invasive Proteins,” Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin38, no. 4 (2015): 571–81; E. A. Hudson et al., “Characterization of Potentially Chemopreventive Phenols in Extracts of Brown Rice that Inhibit the Growth of Human Breast and Colon Cancer Cells,” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers9, no. 11 (2000): 1163–70; C. Hui et al., “Anticancer Activities of an Anthocyanin-Rich Extract from Black Rice Against Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo,” Nutrition and Cancer62, no. 8 (2010): 1128–36.

   14.  American Cancer Society, Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2017–2018 (2017), accessed December 2, 2017, https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research​/cancer-facts-and-statistics/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures/breast-cancer-facts-and​-figures-2017–2018.pdf.

   15.  American Institute for Cancer Research, Facts on Preventing Cancer: The Cancer Fighters in Your Food brochure, accessed December 26, 2017, http://www.aicr.org/reduce-your-cancer-risk/diet/elements_phytochemicals.html.

   16.  “5 Colors of Phytonutrients,” Naturally Healthy Concepts, accessed December 26, 2017, https://www.naturalhealthyconcepts.com/resources/infographics​/phytonutrients; Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, “Shifts Needed to Align with Healthy Eating Patterns,” in Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015​–2020, 8th ed., accessed December 3, 2017, https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015​/guidelines/chapter-2/a-closer-look-at-current-intakes-and-recommended-shifts/.

   17.  C. B. Ambrosone et al., “Breast Cancer Risk in Premenopausal Women Is Inversely Associated with Consumption of Broccoli, a Source of Isothiocyanates, but Is Not Modified by GST Genotype,” Journal of Nutrition134, no. 5 (2004): 1134–38.

   18.  Y. Li et al., “Sulforaphane, a Dietary Component of Broccoli / Broccoli Sprouts, Inhibits Breast Cancer Stem Cells,” Clinical Cancer Research16, no. 9 (2010): 2580–90.

   19.  J. J. Michnovicz, H. Adlercreutz, and H. L. Bradlow, “Changes in Levels of Urinary Estrogen Metabolites after Oral Indole-3-Carbinol Treatment in Humans,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute89, no. 10 (1997): 718–23.

   20.  D. A. Boggs et al., “Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Relation to Risk of Breast Cancer in the Black Women’s Health Study,” American Journal of Epidemiology172, no. 11 (2010): 1268–79.

   21.  M. Gerber, “Fibre and Breast Cancer,” European Journal of Cancer Prevention7, no. 2 (May 1998): S63–67; L. A. Cohen, “Dietary Fiber and Breast Cancer,” Anticancer Research 19, no. 5A (September–October 1999): 3685–88.

   22.  S. Gandini et al., “Meta-analysis of Studies on Breast Cancer Risk and Diet: The Role of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and the Intake of Associated Micronutrients,” European Journal of Cancer36, no. 5 (March 2000): 636–46; T. T. Fung et al., “Diet Quality Is Associated with the Risk of Estrogen Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women,” Journal of Nutrition136, no. 2 (February 2006): 466–72.

   23.  I. Mattisson et al., “Intakes of Plant Foods, Fibre and Fat and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Prospective Study in the Malmo Diet and Cancer Cohort,” British Journal of Cancer90, no. 1 (January 2004): 122–27.

   24.  G. R. Howe et al., “Dietary Factors and Risk of Breast Cancer: Combined Analysis of 12 Case-Control Studies,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute82, no. 7 (1990): 561–69.

   25.  A. Moshfegh, J. Goldman, and L. Cleveland, “What We Eat in America, NHANES 2001–2002: Usual Nutrient Intakes from Food Compared to Dietary Reference Intakes,” US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service9 (2005).

   26.  G. D. Stoner, L. S. Wang, and B. C. Casto, “Laboratory and Clinical Studies of Cancer Chemoprevention by Antioxidants in Berries,” Carcinogenesis29, no. 9 (2008): 1665–74.

   27.  M. H. Carlsen et al., “The Total Antioxidant Content of More than 3,100 Foods, Beverages, Spices, Herbs and Supplements Used Worldwide,” Nutrition Journal9, no. 1 (2010): 3.

   28.  C. Gerhauser, “Cancer Chemopreventive Potential of Apples, Apple Juice, and Apple Components,” Planta Medica74, no. 13 (2008): 1608–24.

   29.  S. Gallus et al., “Does an Apple a Day Keep the Oncologist Away?” Annals of Oncology16, no. 11 (2005): 1841–44.

   30.  K. Wolfe, W. Xianzhong, and R. H. Liu, “Antioxidant Activity of Apple Peels,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry51, no. 3 (2003): 609–14.

   31.  E. Giovannucci, “Tomatoes, Tomato-Based Products, Lycopene, and Cancer: Review of the Epidemiologic Literature,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute91, no. 4 (1999): 317–31; G. Masala et al., “Fruit and Vegetables Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk: The EPIC Italy study,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment132, no. 3 (2012): 1127–36.

   32.  V. Dewanto et al., “Thermal Processing Enhances the Nutritional Value of Tomatoes by Increasing Total Antioxidant Activity,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry50,no. 10 (2002): 3010–14.

   33.  B. J. Grube et al., “White Button Mushroom Phytochemicals Inhibit Aromatase Activity and Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation,” Journal of Nutrition131, no. 12 (2001): 3288–93.

   34.  M. Zhang, “Dietary Intakes of Mushrooms and Green Tea Combine to Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer in Chinese Women,” International Journal of Cancer124, no. 6 (2009): 1404–8.

   35.  S. P. Wasser, “Medicinal Mushroom Science: History, Current Status, Future Trends, and Unsolved Problems,” International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms12, no. 1 (2010).

   36.  S. Oommen et al., “Allicin (from Garlic) Induces Caspase-Mediated Apoptosis in Cancer Cells,” European Journal of Pharmacology485, no. 1 (2004): 97–103; J. Antosiewicz et al., “Role of Reactive Oxygen Intermediates in Cellular Responses to Dietary Cancer Chemopreventive Agents,” Planta Medica74, no. 13 (2008): 1570–79.

   37.  B. Challier, J. M. Perarnau, and J. F. Viel, “Garlic, Onion and Cereal Fibre as Protective Factors for Breast Cancer: A French Case-Control Study,” European Journal of Epidemiology14, no. 8 (1998): 737–47.

   38.  B. B. Aggarwal et al., “Curcumin Suppresses the Paclitaxel-Induced Nuclear Factor-kB Pathway in Breast Cancer Cells and Inhibits Lung Metastasis of Human Breast Cancer in Nude Mice,” Clinical Cancer Research11, no. 20 (2005): 7490–98; T. Choudhuri et al., “Curcumin Induces Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells Through p53-Dependent BAX Induction,” FEBS Letters512, nos. 1–3 (2002): 334–40; S. Somasundaram et al., “Dietary Curcumin Inhibits Chemotherapy-Induced Apoptosis in Models of Human Breast Cancer,” Cancer Research62, no. 13 (2002): 3868–75.

   39.  S. Percival et al., “Bioavailability of Herbs and Spices in Humans as Determined by Ex Vivo Inflammatory Suppression and DNA Strand Breaks,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition31, no. 4 (2012): 288–94.

   40.  G. Shoba et al., “Influence of Piperine on the Pharmacokinetics of Curcumin in Animals and Human Volunteers,” Planta Medica64, no. 4 (1998): 353–56.

   41.  J. Kim et al., “Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) Inhibits Inflammatory Nuclear Factor (NF)‐kB and NF‐kB‐Regulated Gene Products and Induces Death Receptors Leading to Suppressed Proliferation, Induced Chemosensitization, and Suppressed Osteoclastogenesis,” Molecular Nutrition and Food Research56, no. 3 (2012): 454–65.

   42.  A. Rasyid et al., “Effect of Different Curcumin Dosages on Human Gall Bladder,” Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 11, no. 4 (2002): 314–18.

   43.  J. Zheng et al., “Spices for Prevention and Treatment of Cancers,” Nutrients8, no. 8 (2016): 495; A. Iyer et al., “Potential Health Benefits of Indian Spices in the Symptoms of the Metabolic Syndrome: A Review,” Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics46, no. 6 (2009): 467–81; C. M Kaefer and J. A. Milner, “The Role of Herbs and Spices in Cancer Prevention,”Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry19, no. 6 (2008): 347–61; K. Krishnaswamy, “Traditional Indian Spices and Their Health Significance,” Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition17, no. 1 (2008): 265–8.

   44.  S. S. Percival et al., “Bioavailability of Herbs and Spices in Humans as Determined by Ex Vivo Inflammatory Suppression and DNA Strand Breaks,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition31, no. 4 (2012): 288–94; I. Paur et al., “Extract of Oregano, Coffee, Thyme, Clove, and Walnuts Inhibits NF-kB in Monocytes and in Transgenic Reporter Mice,” Cancer Prevention Research3, no. 5 (2010): 653–63; N. Wang et al., “Ellagic Acid, a Phenolic Compound, Exerts Anti-angiogenesis Effects via VEGFR-2 Signaling Pathway in Breast Cancer,”Breast Cancer Research and Treatment134, no. 3 (2012): 943–55; K. Aruna and V. M. Sivaramakrishnan, “Plant Products as Protective Agents Against Cancer,” Indian Journal of Experimental Biology28, no. 11 (1990): 1008–11.

   45.  Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, “High Daily Intakes of Cinnamon: Daily Health Risks Cannot be Ruled Out,” BfR Health Assessment, August 18, 2006, http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/high_daily_intakes_of_cinnamon_health_risk_cannot​_be_ruled_out.pdf.

   46.  C. M. Kaefer and J. A. Milner, “Herbs and Spices in Cancer Prevention and Treatment,” in Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects, 2nd ed., ed. I. F. F. Benzie and S. Wachtel-Galor (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2011), accessed December 3, 2017, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92774; B. B. Aggarwal et al., “Potential of Spice-Derived Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention,” Planta Medica74, no. 13 (2008): 1560–69; S. Dragland et al., “Several Culinary and Medicinal Herbs Are Important Sources of Dietary Antioxidants,” Journal of Nutrition133, no. 5 (2003): 1286–90.

   47.  J. Teas et al., “Dietary Seaweed Modifies Estrogen and Phytoestrogen Metabolism in Healthy Postmenopausal Women,” Journal of Nutrition139, no. 5 (2009): 939–44.

   48.  Y. J. Yang et al., “A Case-Control Study on Seaweed Consumption and the Risk of Breast Cancer,” British Journal of Nutrition103, no. 9 (2010): 1345–53.

   49.  F. M. Steinberg et al., “Cocoa and Chocolate Flavonoids: Implications for Cardiovascular Health,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 103, no. 2 (2003): 215–23.

   50.  Z. Faridi et al., “Acute Dark Chocolate and Cocoa Ingestion and Endothelial Function: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition88, no. 1 (2008): 58–63.

   51.  R. S. Muthyala et al., “Equol, a Natural Estrogenic Metabolite from Soy Isoflavones: Convenient Preparation and Resolution of R-and S-equols and Their Differing Binding and Biological Activity through Estrogen Receptors Alpha and Beta,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry12, no. 6 (2004): 1559–67.

   52.  F. V. So et al., “Inhibition of Proliferation of Estrogen Receptor-Positive MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells by Flavonoids in the Presence and Absence of Excess Estrogen,” Cancer Letters112, no. 2 (1997): 127–33; S. O. Mueller et al., “Phytoestrogens and Their Human Metabolites Show Distinct Agonistic and Antagonistic Properties on Estrogen Receptor ·(ER·) and ER‚in Human Cells,” Toxicological Sciences80, no. 1 (2004): 14–25.

   53.  J. T. Kellis Jr. and L. E. Vickery, “Inhibition of Human Estrogen Synthetase (Aromatase) by Flavones,” Science225 (1984): 1032–35.

   54.  L. J. Lu et al., “Effects of Soya Consumption for One Month on Steroid Hormones in Premenopausal Women: Implications for Breast Cancer Risk Reduction,” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers5, no. 1 (1996): 63–70.

   55.  S. A. Lee et al., “Adolescent and Adult Soy Food Intake and Breast Cancer Risk: Results from the Shanghai Women’s Health Study,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition89, no. 6 (2009): 1920–26.

   56.  L. A. Korde et al., “Childhood Soy Intake and Breast Cancer Risk in Asian American Women,” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers18, no. 4 (2009): 1050–59.

   57.  K. P. Ko et al., “Dietary Intake and Breast Cancer Among Carriers and Noncarriers of BRCA Mutations in the Korean Hereditary Breast Cancer Study,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition98, no. 6 (2013): 1493–501.

   58.  N. Guha et al., “Soy Isoflavones and Risk of Cancer Recurrence in a Cohort of Breast Cancer Survivors: The Life after Cancer Epidemiology Study,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment118, no. 2 (2009): 395–405.

   59.  P. J. Magee and I. R. Rowland, “Phyto-oestrogens, Their Mechanism of Action: Current Evidence for a Role in Breast and Prostate Cancer,” British Journal of Nutrition91, no. 4 (2004): 513–31; L. Varinska et al., “Soy and Breast Cancer: Focus on Angiogenesis,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences16, no. 5 (2015): 11728–49.

   60.  F. F. Zhang et al., “Dietary Isoflavone Intake and All‐Cause Mortality in Breast Cancer Survivors: The Breast Cancer Family Registry,” Cancer123, no. 11 (2017): 2070–79.

   61.  X. O. Shu et al., “Soy Food Intake and Breast Cancer Survival,” Journal of the American Medical Association302, no. 22 (2009): 2437–43.

   62.  S. J. Nechuta et al., “Soy Food Intake After Diagnosis of Breast Cancer and Survival: An In-Depth Analysis of Combined Evidence from Cohort Studies of US and Chinese Women,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition96, no. 1 (2012): 123–32.

   63.  F. Chi et al., “Post-Diagnosis Soy Food Intake and Breast Cancer Survival: A Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies,” Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 14, no. 4 (2013): 2407–12.

   64.  Economic Research Service, “Recent Trends in GE Adoption,” United States Department of Agriculture, last updated July 12, 2017, http://www.ers.usda.gov​/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us/recent-trends-in​-ge-adoption.aspx.

   65.  J. A. Miller et al., “Human Breast Tissue Disposition and Bioactivity of Limonene in Women with Early-Stage Breast Cancer,” Cancer Prevention Research6, no. 6 (2013): 577–84.

   66.  U. Veronesi et al., “Randomized Trial of Fenretinide to Prevent Second Breast Malignancy in Women with Early Breast Cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute91, no. 21 (November 1999): 1847–56.

   67.  S. Gandini et al., “Meta-analysis of Studies on Breast Cancer Risk and Diet: The Role of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and the Intake of Associated Micronutrients,” European Journal of Cancer 36, no. 5 (March 2000): 636–46.

   68.  S. M. Zhang et al., “Plasma Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Homocysteine, and Risk of Breast Cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 95, no. 5 (March 2003): 373–80.

   69.  S. Gandini, “Meta-analysis of Studies on Breast Cancer Risk and Diet: The Role of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and the Intake of Associated Micronutrients,” European Journal of Cancer36, no. 5 (March 2000): 636–46.

   70.  M. S. Donaldson, “Metabolic Vitamin B12 Status on a Mostly Raw Vegan Diet with Follow-Up Using Tablets, Nutritional Yeast, or Probiotic Supplements,” Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism44, no. 5–6 (2000): 229–34.

   71.  S. J. P. M. Eussen et al., “Oral Cyanocobalamin Supplementation in Older People with Vitamin B12 Deficiency: A Dose-Finding Trial,” Archives of Internal Medicine165, no. 10 (2005): 1167–72.

   72.  A. J. L. Cooper, “Biochemistry of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids,” Annual Review of Biochemistry52 (1983): 187–222; J. D. Hayes and L. I. McLellan, “Glutathione and Glutathione-Dependent Enzymes Represent a Co-ordinately Regulated Defence Against Oxidative Stress,” Free Radical Research 31 (1999): 273–300.

   73.  S. M. Zhang et al., “Plasma Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Homocysteine, and Risk of Breast Cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute95, no. 5 (2003): 373–80.

   74.  J. K. Song and J. M. Bae, “Citrus Fruit Intake and Breast Cancer Risk: A Quantitative Systematic Review,” Journal of Breast Cancer16, no. 1 (2013): 72–76.

   75.  G. R. Howe et al., “Dietary Factors and Risk of Breast Cancer: Combined Analysis of 12 Case-Control Studies,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute82, no. 7 (1990): 561–69.

   76.  K. Robien, G. J. Cutler, and D. Lazovich, “Vitamin D Intake and Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women: The Iowa Women’s Health Study,” Cancer Causes and Control 18, no. 7 (September 2007): 775–82.

   77.  C. F. Garland et al., “Vitamin D and Prevention of Breast Cancer: Pooled Analysis,” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 103, nos. 3–5 (March 2007): 708–11.

   78.  C. F. Garland et al., “Vitamin D and Prevention of Breast Cancer: Pooled Analysis,” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 103, nos. 3–5 (March 2007): 708–11.

   79.  C. F. Garland et al., “Vitamin D Supplement Doses and Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in the Range Associated with Cancer Prevention,” Anticancer Research31, no. 2 (2011): 607–11.

   80.  E. Kesse-Guyot et al., “Dairy Products, Calcium, and the Risk of Breast Cancer: Results of the French SU.VI.MAX Prospective Study,” Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 51, no. 2 (2007): 139–45; M. L. McCullough et al., “Dairy, Calcium, and Vitamin D Intake and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 14, no. 12 (December 2005): 2898–904.

   81.  P. W. Parodi, “Dairy Product Consumption and the Risk of Breast Cancer,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition24 (2005): 556S–68S; Y. Cui and T. E. Rohan, “Vitamin D, Calcium, and Breast Cancer Risk: A Review,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 15, no. 8 (2006): 1427–37.

   82.  B. C. Davis and P. M. Kris-Etherton, “Achieving Optimal Essential Fatty Acid Status in Vegetarians: Current Knowledge and Practical Implications,” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition78, no. 3 (2003): 640S–46S.

   83.  E. D. Rosen and B. M. Spiegelman, “What We Talk About When We Talk About Fat,” Cell156, no. 1 (2014): 20–44.

   84.  M. Khodarahmi and L. Azadbakht, “The Association Between Different Kinds of Fat Intake and Breast Cancer Risk in Women,” International Journal of Preventive Medicine5, no. 1 (2014): 6–15.

   85.  S. Sieri et al., “Dietary Fat Intake and Development of Specific Breast Cancer Subtypes,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute106, no. 5 (2014): dju068.

   86.  Y. Liu et al., “Adolescent Dietary Fiber, Vegetable Fat, Vegetable Protein, and Nut Intakes and Breast Cancer Risk,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment145, no. 2 (2014): 461–70; G. A. Colditz, K. Bohlke, and C. S. Berkey, “Breast Cancer Risk Accumulation Starts Early: Prevention Must Also,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment145, no. 3 (2014): 567–79.

   87.  A. L. Frazier et al., “Adolescent Diet and Risk of Breast Cancer,” Cancer Causes and Control 15, no. 1 (February 2004): 73–82.

   88.  A. I. Smeds et al., “Quantification of a Broad Spectrum of Lignans in Cereals, Oilseeds, and Nuts,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry55, no. 4 (2007): 1337–46.

   89.  L. B. Kardono et al., “Cytotoxic Constituents of the Bark of Plumeria Rubra Collected in Indonesia,” Journal of Natural Products53 (1990): 1447–55; T. Hirano et al., “Antiproliferative Activity of Mammalian Lignan Derivatives Against the Human Breast Carcinoma Cell Line, ZR-75–1,” Cancer Investigation8 (1990): 592–602; M. Serraino and L. U. Thompson, “The Effect of Flaxseed Supplementation on Early Risk Markers for Mammary Carcinogenesis,” Cancer Letters60 (1991): 135–42; L. U. Thompson et al., “Antitumorigenic Effect of a Mammalian Lignan Precursor from Flaxseed,” Nutrition and Cancer26, no. 2 (1996): 159–65; C. Wang et al., “Lignans and Flavonoids Inhibit Aromatase Enzyme in Human Preadipocytes,” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology50, nos. 3–4 (1994): 205–12; H. Adlercreutz et al., “Dietary Phytoestrogens and Cancer: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies,” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology41, nos. 3–8 (1992): 331–37.

   90.  C. J. Fabian et al., “Reduction in Ki-67 in Benign Breast Tissue of High-Risk Premenopausal Women with the SERM Acolbifene,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15 (2012): 520.

   91.  H. L. Newmark, “Squalene, Olive Oil, and Cancer Risk: Review and Hypothesis,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences889, no. 1 (1999): 193–203.

   92.  G. K. Beauchamp et al., “Phytochemistry: Ibuprofen-like Activity in Extra-Virgin Olive Oil,” Nature437, no. 7055 (2005): 45–46.

   93.  L. Bozzetto et al., “Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Reduces Glycemic Response to a High–Glycemic Index Meal in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Diabetes Care39, no. 4 (2016): 518–24.

   94.  A. Trichopoulou et al., “Consumption of Olive Oil and Specific Food Groups in Relation to Breast Cancer Risk in Greece,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute87, no. 2 (1995): 110–16; J. M. Martin‐Moreno et al., “Dietary Fat, Olive Oil Intake and Breast Cancer Risk,” International Journal of Cancer58, no. 6 (1994): 774–80; L. Lipworth et al., “Olive Oil and Human Cancer: An Assessment of the Evidence,” Preventive Medicine26, no. 2 (1997): 181–90.

   95.  E. Toledo et al., “Mediterranean Diet and Invasive Breast Cancer Risk Among Women at High Cardiovascular Risk in the PREDIMED Trial: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine14 (September 2015).

   96.  C. Razquin et al., “A 3 Years Follow-Up of a Mediterranean Diet Rich in Virgin Olive Oil Is Associated with High Plasma Antioxidant Capacity and Reduced Body Weight Gain,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition63, no. 12 (2009): 1387–93.

   97.  M. Ni, Secrets of Longevity(San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2006).

   98.  A. Büyükbalci, “Determination of In Vitro Antidiabetic Effects, Antioxidant Activities, and Phenol Contents of Some Herbal Teas,” Plant Foods for Human Nutrition63, no. 1 (March 2008): 27–33.

   99.  M. Inoue et al., “Regular Consumption of Green Tea and the Risk of Breast Cancer Recurrence: Follow-Up Study from the Hospital-Based Epidemiologic Research Program at Aichi Cancer Center (HERPACC), Japan,” Cancer Letters 167, no. 2 (June 2001): 175–82.

100.  A. H. Wu et al., “Green Tea and Risk of Breast Cancer in Asian Americans,” International Journal of Cancer106, no. 4 (September 2003): 574–79.

101.  A. A. Ogunleye, F. Xue, and K. B. Michels, “Green Tea Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk or Recurrence: A Meta-analysis,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment119, no. 2 (2010): 477–84.

102.  M. Inoue et al., “Regular Consumption of Green Tea and the Risk of Breast Cancer Recurrence: Follow-Up Study from the Hospital-Based Epidemiologic Research Program at Aichi Cancer Center (HERPACC), Japan,” Cancer Letters 167, no. 2 (June 2001): 175–82.

103.  J. Jankun et al., “Why Drinking Green Tea Could Prevent Cancer,” Nature387, no. 6633 (1997): 561.

104.  C. Cabrera, R. Giménez, and M. C. López, “Determination of Tea Components with Antioxidant Activity,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry51, no. 15 (2003): 4427–35.

105.  R. J. Green et al., “Common Tea Formulations Modulate In Vitro Digestive Recovery of Green Tea Catechins,” Molecular Nutrition and Food Research51, no. 9 (2007): 1152–62.

106.  World Cancer Research Fund, “Food, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective” (Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research, 1997).

107.  K. B. Michels et al., “Coffee, Tea, and Caffeine Consumption and Breast Cancer Incidence in a Cohort of Swedish Women,” Annals of Epidemiology 12, no. 1 (January 2002): 21–26; A. Tavani et al., “Coffee Consumption and the Risk of Breast Cancer,” European Journal of Cancer Prevention 7, no. 1 (February 1998): 77–82.

108.  J. A. Baker et al., “Consumption of Coffee, but Not Black Tea, Is Associated with Decreased Risk of Premenopausal Breast Cancer,” Journal of Nutrition 136, no. 1 (January 2006): 166–71; J. Li et al., “Coffee Consumption Modifies Risk of Estrogen-Receptor Negative Breast Cancer,” Breast Cancer Research13, no. 3 (2011): R49.

109.  N. Bhoo-Pathy et al., “Coffee and Tea Consumption and Risk of Pre- and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Cohort Study,” Breast Cancer Research17, no. 1 (2015): 15.

110.  I. E. Milder et al., “Lignan Contents of Dutch Plant Foods: A Database Including Lariciresinol, Pinoresinol, Secoisolariciresinol, and Matairesinol,” British Journal of Nutrition 93, no. 3 (2005): 393–402.

111.  Ann. H. Rosendahl et al., “Caffeine and Caffeic Acid Inhibit Growth and Modify Estrogen Receptor and Insulin-like Growth Factor I Receptor Levels in Human Breast Cancer,” Clinical Cancer Research21, no. 8 (April 2015): 1877–87.

112.  E. C. Lowcock et al., “High Coffee Intake, but Not Caffeine, Is Associated with Reduced Estrogen Receptor Negative and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk with No Effect Modification by CYP1A2 Genotype,” Nutrition andCancer65, no. 3 (2013): 398–409.

113.  A. Nkondjock et al., “Coffee Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk among BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers,” International Journal of Cancer118, no. 1 (2006): 103–7.

114.  L. J. Vatten, K. Solvoll, and E. B. Løken, “Coffee Consumption and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Prospective Study of 14,593 Norwegian Women,” British Journal of Cancer62, no. 2 (August 1990): 267–70.

115.  L. Zhu et al., “Coffee Consumption Increases Risk of Advanced Breast Cancer Among Singapore Chinese Women,” CSU Theses and Dissertations(Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University, 2013), 135.

116.  S. C. Killer, A. K. Blannin, and A. E. Jeukendrup, “No Evidence of Dehydration with Moderate Daily Coffee Intake: A Counterbalanced Cross-Over Study in a Free-Living Population,” PloS One9, no. 1 (2014): e84154.

117.  B. Benelam and L. Wyness, “Hydration and Health: A Review,” Nutrition Bulletin35, no. 1 (2010): 3–25.

118.  B. M. Popkin et al., “A New Proposed Guidance System for Beverage Consumption in the United States,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83, no. 3 (2006): 529–42.

119.  M. A. Saleh et al., “Chemical, Microbial, and Physical Evaluation of Commercial Bottled Waters in Greater Houston Area of Texas,” Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A43, no. 4 (2008): 335–47.

120.  S. Arranz, J. M. Silván, and F. Saura-Calixto, “Nonextractable Polyphenols, Usually Ignored, Are the Major Part of Dietary Polyphenols: A Study on the Spanish Diet,” Molecular Nutrition and Food Research54, no. 11 (November 2010): 1646–58.

121.  I. Muraki et al., “Fruit Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results from Three Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Studies,” British Medical Journal347 (2013): f5001.

122.  H. Ali and J. F. Tahmassebi, “The Effects of Smoothies on Enamel Erosion: An In Situ Study,” International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry24, no. 3 (May 2014): 184–91.

Chapter 4: Don’t Eat That

     1.  D. Ornish et al., “Can Lifestyle Changes Reverse Coronary Heart Disease?: The Lifestyle Heart Trial,” Lancet336, no. 8708 (1990): 129–33.

     2.  J. W. Anderson and K. Ward, “High-Carbohydrate, High-Fiber Diets for Insulin-Treated Men with Diabetes Mellitus,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition32, no. 11 (1979): 2312–21.

     3.  C. R. Daniel et al., “Trends in Meat Consumption in the USA,” Public Health Nutrition14, no. 4 (2011): 575–83.

     4.  Y. T. Szeto, T. C. Kwok, and I. F. Benzie, “Effects of a Long-Term Vegetarian Diet on Biomarkers of Antioxidant Status and Cardiovascular Disease Risk,” Nutrition20, no. 10 (October 2004): 863–66; V. Wijendran and K. C. Hayes, “Dietary n-6 and n-3 Fatty Acid Balance and Cardiovascular Health,” Annual Review Nutrition24: 597–615; J. M. Genkinger and A. Koushik, “Meat Consumption and Cancer Risk,” PLoS Medicine4, no. 12 (2007): e345; A. Tappel, “Heme of Consumed Red Meat Can Act as a Catalyst of Oxidative Damage and Could Initiate Colon, Breast and Prostate Cancers, Heart Disease, and Other Diseases,” Medical Hypotheses68, no. 3 (2007): 562–64.

     5.  M. Inoue-Choi et al., “Red and Processed Meat, Nitrite, and Heme Iron Intakes and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study,” International Journal of Cancer138, no. 7 (2016): 1609–18; V. Pala et al., “Meat, Eggs, Dairy Products, and Risk of Breast Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Cohort,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition90, no. 3 (2009): 602–12; S. C. Larsson, L. Bergkvist, and A. Wolk, “Long-Term Meat Intake and Risk of Breast Cancer by Oestrogen and Progesterone Receptor Status in a Cohort of Swedish Women,” European Journal of Cancer45, no. 17 (2009): 3042–46; J. M. Genkinger et al., “Consumption of Dairy and Meat in Relation to Breast Cancer Risk in the Black Women’s Health Study,” Cancer Causes and Control24, no. 4 (2013): 675–84.

     6.  E. F. Taylor et al., “Meat Consumption and Risk of Breast Cancer in the UK Women’s Cohort Study,” British Journal of Cancer96, no. 7 (2007): 1139.

     7.  Y. Tantamango-Bartley et al., “Vegetarian Diets and the Incidence of Cancer in a Low-Risk Population,” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers(2012): cebp-1060.

     8.  S. S. Epstein, “The Chemical Jungle: Today’s Beef Industry,” International Journal of Health Services20, no. 2 (1990): 277–80.

     9.  G. M. Fara et al., “Epidemic of Breast Enlargement in an Italian School,” Lancet314, no. 8137 (1979): 295–97.

   10.  Henrik Leffers et al., “Oestrogenic Potencies of Zeranol, Oestradiol, Diethylstilboestrol,Bisphenol-A and Genistein: Implications for Exposure Assessment of Potential Endocrine Disrupters,” Human Reproduction16, no. 5 (2001): 1037–45.

   11.  W. Ye et al., “In Vitro Transformation of MCF-10A Cells by Sera Harvested from Heifers Two Months Post-Zeranol Implantation,” International Journal of Oncology38, no. 4 (2011b): 985–92; R. Khosrokhavar et al., “Effects of Zearalenone and ·-Zearalenol in Comparison with Raloxifene on T47D Cells,” Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods19, no. 3 (2009): 246–50.

   12.  E. V. Bandera et al., “Urinary Mycoestrogens, Body Size and Breast Development in New Jersey Girls,” Science of the Total Environment409, no. 24 (2011): 5221–27.

   13.  F. Massart and G. Saggese, “Oestrogenic Mycotoxin Exposures and Precocious Pubertal Development,” International Journal of Andrology33, no. 2 (2010): 369–76.

   14.  E. Linos et al., “Red Meat Consumption During Adolescence Among Premenopausal Women and Risk of Breast Cancer,” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers17, no. 8 (2008): 2146–51.

   15.  M. S. Farvid et al., “Premenopausal Dietary Fat in Relation to Pre- and Post-menopausal Breast Cancer,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment145, no. 1 (2014): 255.

   16.  J. Niu et al., “The Association Between Leptin Level and Breast Cancer: A Meta-analysis.” PloS One8, no. 6 (2013): e67349.

   17.  P. Xu et al., “Zeranol Enhances Leptin-Induced Proliferation in Primary Cultured Human Breast Cancer Epithelial Cells,” Molecular Medicine Reports3, no. 5 (2010): 795–800.

   18.  A. C. Vergnaud et al., “Meat Consumption and Prospective Weight Change in Participants of the EPIC-PANACEA Study,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition92, no. 2 (2010): 398–407.

   19.  C. P. Velloso, “Regulation of Muscle Mass by Growth Hormone and IGF-1,” British Journal of Pharmacology154 (2008): 557–68, doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.153; M. Llorens-Martin, I. Torres-Aleman, and J. L. Trejo, “Mechanisms Mediating Brain Plasticity: IGF1 and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis,” Neuroscientist15 (2009): 134–48, doi:10.1177/1073858408331371.

   20.  S. Y. Yang et al., “Growth Factors and Their Receptors in Cancer Metastases,” Frontiers in Bioscience(Landmark Edition) 16 (2011): 531–38.

   21.  M. E. Levine et al., “Low Protein Intake Is Associated with a Major Reduction in IGF-1, Cancer, and Overall Mortality in the 65 and Younger but not Older Population,” Cell Metabolism 19, no. 3 (2014): 407–17.

   22.  M. Leslie, “Growth Defect Blocks Cancer and Diabetes,” Science331, no. 6019 (2011): 837.

   23.  J. Guevara-Aguirre et al., “Growth Hormone Receptor Deficiency Is Associated with a Major Reduction in Pro-aging Signaling, Cancer, and Diabetes in Humans,” Science Translational Medicine16, no. 3 (February 2011): 70ra13.

   24.  P. F. Christopoulos, P. Msaouel, and M. Koutsilieris, “The Role of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 System in Breast Cancer,” Molecular Cancer14, no. 1 (2015): 43; S. Sarkissyan et al., “IGF-1 Regulates Cyr61 Induced Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation and Invasion,” PloS One9, no. 7 (2014): e103534.

   25.  Hormones, the Endogenous, and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group, “Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1), IGF Binding Protein 3 (IGFBP3), and Breast Cancer Risk: Pooled Individual Data Analysis of 17 Prospective Studies,” Lancet Oncology11, no. 6 (2010): 530–42.

   26.  R. J. Barnard et al., “Effects of a Low-Fat, High-Fiber Diet and Exercise Program on Breast Cancer Risk Factors In Vivo and Tumor Cell Growth and Apoptosis In Vitro,” Nutrition and Cancer55, no. 1 (2006): 28–34.

   27.  R. J. Barnard et al., “A Low-Fat Diet and/or Strenuous Exercise Alters the IGF Axis In Vivo and Reduces Prostate Tumor Cell Growth In Vitro,” Prostate56, no. 3 (2003): 201–6.

   28.  N. E. Allen et al., “The Associations of Diet with Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 and Its Main Binding Proteins in 292 Women Meat-Eaters, Vegetarians, and Vegans,” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers11, no. 11 (2002): 1441–48.

   29.  S. E. Steck et al., “Cooked Meat and Risk of Breast Cancer: Lifetime Versus Recent Dietary Intake,” Epidemiology18, no. 3 (May 2007): 373–82.

   30.  R. Zaidi, S. Kumar, and P. R. Rawat, “Rapid Detection and Quantification of Dietary Mutagens in Food Using Mass Spectrometry and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography,” Food Chemistry135, no. 4 (2012): 2897–903.

   31.  H. P. Thiebaud et al., “Airborne Mutagens Produced by Frying Beef, Pork and a Soy-based Food,” Food and Chemical Toxicology33, no. 10 (1995): 821–28.

   32.  W. Zheng et al., “Well-Done Meat Intake and the Risk of Breast Cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute90, no. 22 (November 1998): 1724–29.

   33.  S. N. Lauber, S. Ali, and N. J. Gooderham, “The Cooked Food Derived Carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4, 5-b] Pyridine Is a Potent Oestrogen: A Mechanistic Basis for Its Tissue-Specific Carcinogenicity,” Carcinogenesis25, no. 12 (2004): 2509–17.

   34.  L. S. DeBruin, P. A. Martos, and P. D. Josephy, “Detection of PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4, 5-b] Pyridine) in the Milk of Healthy Women,” Chemical Research in Toxicology14, no. 11 (2001): 1523–28.

   35.  R. D. Holland et al., “Formation of a Mutagenic Heterocyclic Aromatic Amine from Creatinine in Urine of Meat Eaters and Vegetarians,” Chemical Research in Toxicology18, no. 3 (2005): 579–90.

   36.  S. Murray et al., “Effect of Cruciferous Vegetable Consumption on Heterocyclic Aromatic Amine Metabolism in Man,” Carcinogenesis22, no. 9 (2001): 1413–20.

   37.  H. A. J. Schut and R. Yao, “Tea as a Potential Chemopreventive Agent in PhIP Carcinogenesis: Effects of Green Tea and Black Tea on PhIP-DNA Adduct Formation in Female F-344 Rats,” Nutrition and Cancer36, no. 1 (2000): 52–58.

   38.  E. F. Taylor et al., “Meat Consumption and Risk of Breast Cancer in the UK Women’s Cohort Study,” British Journal of Cancer96, no. 7 (2007): 1139.

   39.  D. D. Alexander et al., “A Review and Meta-analysis of Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Breast Cancer,” Nutrition Research Reviews23, no. 2 (2010):
349–65.

   40.  V. Bouvard et al., “Carcinogenicity of Consumption of Red and Processed Meat,” Lancet Oncology16, no. 16 (2015): 1599.

   41.  M. Inoue‐Choi et al., “Red and Processed Meat, Nitrite, and Heme Iron Intakes and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk in the NIH‐AARP Diet and Health Study,” International Journal of Cancer 138, no. 7 (2016): 1609–18.

   42.  “Animal Foods,” World Cancer Research Fund International, accessed October 14, 2017, https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer/recommendations/limit-red-processed-meat

   43.  R. Sinha et al., “Meat Intake and Mortality: A Prospective Study of over Half a Million People,” Archives of Internal Medicine 169, no. 6 (2009): 562–71; S. Rohrmann et al., “Meat Consumption and Mortality: Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition,”BMC Medicine11, no. 1 (2013): 63.

   44.  A. J. Cross et al., “A Prospective Study of Red and Processed Meat Intake in Relation to Cancer Risk,” PLoS Medicine4, no. 12 (December 2007): e325.

   45.  T. P. Robinson et al., “Mapping the Global Distribution of Livestock,” PloS One9, no. 5 (2014): e96084, accessed December 3, 2017, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0096084.

   46.  USDA,USDA Climate Change Science Plan 4, 2010, http://www.usda.gov/oce​/climate_change/science_plan2010/USDA_CCSPlan_120810.pdf.

   47.  P. Ross, “Cow Farts Have ‘Larger Greenhouse Gas Impact’ Than Previously Thought; Methane Pushes Climate Change,” International Business Times,November 26, 2013, https://www.ibtimes.com/cow-farts-have-larger-greenhouse-gas-impact-previously-thought-methane-pushes-climate-change-1487502.

   48.  USDA Economic Research Service, “How Important Is Irrigation to US Agriculture?” October 12, 2016, https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management​/irrigation​-water-use/background/.

   49.  EPA, “Draft Plan to Study the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Drinking Water Resources,” February 2011, https://yosemite.epa.gov/sab/sabproduct.nsf/0/D3483AB445AE61418525775900603E79/$File/Draft+Plan+to+Study+the+Potential+Impacts+of+Hydraulic+Fracturing+on+Drinking+Water+Resources-February+2011.pdf

   50.  D. Pimentel et al., “Water Resources: Agricultural and Environmental Issues,” BioScience54 (2004): 909, 911.

   51.  M. M. Mekonnen and A. Y. Hoekstra, “A Global Assessment of the Water Footprint of Farm Animal Products,” Ecosystems15 (2012): 401–15.

   52.  P. Thornton, M. Herrero, and P. Ericksen, “Livestock and Climate Change,” Livestock Exchange3 (November 2011).

   53.  S. Margulis, Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon(The World Bank, 2004), http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/02/02/000090341_20040202130625/Rendered/PDF/277150PAPER0wbwp0no1022.pdf.

   54.  R. Oppenlander, “The World Hunger-Food Choice Connection: A Summary,” Comfortably Unaware (blog), April 22, 2012, http://comfortablyunaware.com/blog/the-world-hunger-food-choice-connection-a-summary/; United Nations Children’s Fund, Improving Child Nutrition: The Achievable Imperative for Global Progress(New York: UNICEF, 2013).

   55.  “General Situation of World Fish Stocks,” Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, accessed December 26, 2007, http://www.fao.org/newsroom/common/ecg/1000505/en/stocks.pdf.

   56.  Annenberg Learner, “Unit 9: Biodiversity Decline, Section 7: Habitat Loss—Causes and Consequences,” Habitable Planet multimedia course, accessed December 26, 2007, https://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/unit/text.php?unit=9&secNum=7.

   57.  R. Maughan, “Wedge Wolf Pack Will Be Killed Because of Its Increasing Beef Consumption,” Wildlife News,September 28, 2012, http://www.thewildlifenews​.com/2012/09/22/wedge-wolf-pack-will​-be-killed-because-of-increasing​-beef​-consumption/.

   58.  D. Tilman and M. Clark, “Global Diets Link Environmental Sustainability and Human Health,” Nature515, no. 7528 (November 2014): 518–22.

   59.  H. Davoodi, S. Esmaeili, and A. M. Mortazavian, “Effects of Milk and Milk Products Consumption on Cancer: A Review,” Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety12, no. 3 (2013): 249–64.

   60.  P. W. Parodi, “Dairy Product Consumption and the Risk of Breast Cancer,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition24, no. 6 (December 2005): 556S–68S; W. Al Sarakbi, M. Salhab, and K. Mokbel, “Dairy Products and Breast Cancer Risk: A Reviewof the Literature,” International Journal of Fertility and Women’s Medicine50, no. 6 (November–December 2005): 244–49; P. G. Moorman and P. D. Terry, “Consumption of Dairy Products and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Review of the Literature,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition80, no. 1 (July 2004): 5–14; M. H. Shin et al., “Intake of Dairy Products, Calcium, and Vitamin D and Risk of Breast Cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute94, no. 17 (September 2002): 1301–11.

   61.  H. Davoodi, S. Esmaeili, and A. M. Mortazavian, “Effects of Milk and Milk Products Consumption on Cancer: A Review,” Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety12, no. 3 (2013): 249–64.

   62.  M. H. Shin et al., “Intake of Dairy Products, Calcium, and Vitamin D and Risk of Breast Cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute94, no. 17 (2002): 1301–10.

   63.  C. H. Kroenke et al., “High- and Low-Fat Dairy Intake, Recurrence, and Mortality After Breast Cancer Diagnosis,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute105, no. 9 (2013): 616–23.

   64.  D. Ganmaa and A. Sato, “The Possible Role of Female Sex Hormones in Milk from Pregnant Cows in the Development of Breast, Ovarian and Corpus Uteri Cancers,” Medical Hypotheses65, no. 6 (2005): 1028–37.

   65.  D. A. Pape-Zambito, R. F. Roberts, and R. S. Kensinger, “Estrone and 17‚-estradiol Concentrations in Pasteurized-Homogenized Milk and Commercial Dairy Products,” Journal of Dairy Science93, no. 6 (2010): 2533–40.

   66.  S. Stender and J. Dyerberg, “Influence of Trans Fatty Acids on Health,” Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism48, no. 2 (2004): 61–66.

   67.  A. Trichopoulou et al., “Consumption of Olive Oil and Specific Food Groups in Relation to Breast Cancer Risk in Greece,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute87, no. 2 (1995): 110–16.

   68.  J. R. Hebert, T. G. Hurley, and Y. Ma, “The Effect of Dietary Exposures on Recurrence and Mortality in Early Stage Breast Cancer,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment51, no. 1 (September 1998): 17–28; A. J. McEligot et al., “Dietary Fat, Fiber, Vegetable, and Micronutrients Are Associated with Overall Survival in Postmenopausal Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer,” Nutrition and Cancer55, no. 2 (2006): 132–40.

   69.  D. Doell et al., “Updated Estimate of Trans Fat Intake by the US Population,” Food Additives and Contaminants: Part A29, no. 6 (2012): 861–74.

   70.  I. Laake et al., “A Prospective Study of Intake of Trans-Fatty Acids from Ruminant Fat, Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils, and Marine Oils and Mortality from CVD,” British Journal of Nutrition108, no. 4 (2012): 743–54.

   71.  D. Mozaffarian et al., “Trans Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease,” New England Journal of Medicine354, no. 15 (2006): 1601–13.

   72.  J. M. Beasley et al., “Post-diagnosis Dietary Factors and Survival after Invasive Breast Cancer,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment128, no. 1 (2011): 229–36.

   73.  A. C. Thiebaut et al., “Dietary Fat and Postmenopausal Invasive Breast Cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study Cohort,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute99, no. 6 (March 2007): 451–62.

   74.  Y. Liu et al., “Adolescent Dietary Fiber, Vegetable Fat, Vegetable Protein, and Nut Intakes and Breast Cancer Risk,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment145, no. 2 (2014): 461–70.

   75.  Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, “Top Food Sources of Saturated Fat Among US Population,” National Cancer Institute, last updated April 20, 2016, https://epi.grants.cancer.gov/diet/foodsources/sat_fat/sf.html.

   76.  A. P. Simopoulos, “Evolutionary Aspects of Diet, the Omega-6/Omega-3 Ratio and Genetic Variation: Nutritional Implications for Chronic Diseases,” Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy60, no. 9 (2006): 502–7.

   77.  M. Hansen et al., “Potential Public Health Impacts of the Use of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin in Dairy Production,” Consumers Union, September 1997, https://consumersunion.org/news/potential-public-health-impacts-of-the-use-of-recombinant-bovine-somatotropin-in-dairy-production-part-1/.

   78.  R. P. Heaney et al., “Dietary Changes Favorably Affect Bone Remodeling in Older Adults,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association99, no. 10 (1999): 1228–33.

   79.  USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, “Dairy 2007, Part IV: Reference of Dairy Cattle Health and Management Practices in the United States”NAHMS Dairy 2007(2007).

   80.  P. G. Moorman and P. D. Terry, “Consumption of Dairy Products and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Review of the Literature,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition80, no. 1 (2004): 5–14.

   81.  Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, “Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV) on U.S. Dairy Operations,” APHIS Info Sheet(October 2008).

   82.  G. C. Buehring, S. M. Philpott, and K. Y. Choi, “Humans Have Antibodies Reactive with Bovine Leukemia Virus,” AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses19, no. 12 (2003): 1105–13.

   83.  G. C. Buehring et al., “Exposure to Bovine Leukemia Virus Is Associated with Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study,” PLoS One10, no. 9 (2015): e0134304.

   84.  P. C. Bartlett et al., “Options for the Control of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Dairy Cattle,” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association244, no. 8 (2014):
914–22.

   85.  K. E. Nachman et al., “Roxarsone, Inorganic Arsenic, and Other Arsenic Species in Chicken: A US-Based Market Basket Sample,” Environmental Health Perspectives121, no. 7 (2013): 818.

   86.  R. Vogt et al., “Cancer and Non-cancer Health Effects from Food Contaminant Exposures for Children and Adults in California: A Risk Assessment,” Environmental Health11, no. 1 (2012): 83.

   87.  B. P. Jackson et al., “Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup,” Environmental Health Perspectives120, no. 5 (2012): 623.

   88.  K. E. Nachman et al., “Arsenic Species in Poultry Feather Meal,” Science of the Total Environment417 (2012): 183–88.

   89.  R. Si et al., “Egg Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysis,” Breast Cancer21, no. 3 (2014): 251–61.

   90.  S. A. Missmer et al., “Meat and Dairy Food Consumption and Breast Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of Cohort Studies,” International Journal of Epidemiology31, no. 1 (February 2002): 78–85.

   91.  Z. Wang et al., “Gut Flora Metabolism of Phosphatidylcholine Promotes Cardiovascular Disease,” Nature472, no. 7341 (2011): 57–63.

   92.  E. L. Richman et al., “Egg, Red Meat, and Poultry Intake and Risk of Lethal Prostate Cancer in the Prostate-Specific Antigen-Era: Incidence and Survival,” Cancer Prevention Research4, no. 12 (December 2011): 2110–21.

   93.  R. D. Holland et al., “Formation of a Mutagenic Heterocyclic Aromatic Amine from Creatinine in Urine of Meat Eaters and Vegetarians,” Chemical Research in Toxicology18, no. 3 (2005): 579–90.

   94.  M. J. Rudling et al., “Content of Low Density Lipoprotein Receptors in Breast Cancer Tissue Related to Survival of Patients,” British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition)292, no. 6520 (1986): 580–82.

   95.  A. H. Lichtenstein et al., “Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006: A ScientificStatement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee,” Circulation114, no. 1 (2006): 82–96.

   96.  C. M. Kitahara et al., “Total Cholesterol and Cancer Risk in a Large Prospective Study in Korea,” Journal of Clinical Oncology29, no. 12 (2011): 1592–98.

   97.  E. B. Rimm et al., “Review of Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: Is the Effect Due to Beer, Wine, or Spirits?” British Medical Journal 312, no. 7033 (1996): 731–36.

   98.  NIAAA Publications, “Tips for Cutting Down on Drinking,” National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, September 2008, http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov​/publications/Tips/tips.htm.

   99.  R. C. Ellison et al., “Exploring the Relation of Alcohol Consumption to Risk of Breast Cancer,” American Journal of Epidemiology154, no. 8 (October 2001): 740–47; S. M. Zhang et al., “Alcohol Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk in the Women’s Health Study,” American Journal of Epidemiology165, no. 6 (March 2007): 667–76; N. Hamajima et al., “Alcohol, Tobacco and Breast Cancer: Collaborative Reanalysis of Individual Data from 53 Epidemiological Studies, including 58,515 Women with Breast Cancer and 95,067 Women Without the Disease,” British Journal of Cancer87, no. 11 (November 2002): 1234–45.

100.  D. G. Weir, P. G. McGing, and J. M. Scott, “Folate Metabolism, the Enterohepatic Circulation and Alcohol,” Biochemical Pharmacology34, no. 1 (1985): 1–7; I. P. Pogribny et al., “Breaks in Genomic DNA and Within the p53 Gene Are Associated with Hypomethylation in Livers of Folate/Methyl-Deficient Rats,” Cancer Research55, no. 9 (May 1995): 1894–901.

101.  E. Ergul et al., “Polymorphisms in the MTHFR Gene Are Associated with Breast Cancer,” Tumor Biology24, no. 6 (2003): 286–90.

102.  J. Chen et al., “One-Carbon Metabolism, MTHFR Polymorphisms, and Risk of Breast Cancer,” Cancer Research65, no. 4 (2005): 1606–14; I. G. Campbell et al., “Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Breast Cancer,” Breast Cancer Research4, no. 6 (2002): R14.

103.  S. M. Zhang et al., “Plasma Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Homocysteine, and Risk of Breast Cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute95, no. 5 (2003): 373–80; S. Zhang et al., “A Prospective Study of Folate Intake and the Risk of Breast Cancer,” Journal of the American Medical Association281, no. 17 (May 1999): 1632–37.

104.  T. A. Sellers et al., “Interaction of Dietary Folate Intake, Alcohol, and Risk of Hormone Receptor-Defined Breast Cancer in a Prospective Study of Postmenopausal Women,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention11, no. 10 (October 2002): 1104–10.

105.  S. Zhang et al., “Dietary Carotenoids and Vitamins A, C, and E and Risk of Breast Cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute91, no. 6 (1999): 547–56.

106.  D. E. Nelson et al., “Alcohol-Attributable Cancer Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost in the United States,” American Journal of Public Health103, no. 4 (April 2013): 641–48.

107.  M. Grønbæk et al., “Type of Alcohol Consumed and Mortality from All Causes, Coronary Heart Disease, and Cancer,” Annals of Internal Medicine133, no. 6 (2000): 411–29.

108.  C. Shufelt et al., “Red Versus White Wine as a Nutritional Aromatase Inhibitor in Premenopausal Women: A Pilot Study,” Journal of Women’s Health21, no. 3 (2012): 281–84.

109.  M. Jang et al., “Cancer Chemopreventive Activity of Resveratrol, a Natural Product Derived from Grapes,” Science275, no. 5297 (1997): 218–20.

110.  S. Chen et al., “Suppression of Breast Cancer Cell Growth with Grape Juice,” Pharmaceutical Biology36, no. 1 (1998): 53–61.

111.  R. Baan et al., “Carcinogenicity of Alcoholic Beverages,” Lancet Oncology8, no. 4 (2007): 292.

112.  T. A. Hastert et al., “Adherence to WCRF/AICR Cancer Prevention Recommendations and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer,” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers22, no. 9 (September 2013): 1498–508.

113.  S. Takayama et al., “Long-Term Feeding of Sodium Saccharin to Nonhuman Primates: Implications for Urinary Tract Cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute90, no. 1 (1998): 19–25; O. M. Jensen and C. Kamby, “Intra-uterine Exposure to Saccharine and Risk of Bladder Cancer in Man,” International Journal of Cancer29, no. 5 (1982): 507–9; H. A. Risch et al., “Dietary Factors and the Incidence of Cancer of the Urinary Bladder,” American Journal of Epidemiology127, no. 6 (1988): 1179–91.

114.  S. R. Sturgeon et al., “Associations Between Bladder Cancer Risk Factors and Tumor Stage and Grade at Diagnosis,” Epidemiology5, no. 2 (March 1994): 218–25.

115.  M. B. Azad et al., “Nonnutritive Sweeteners and Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials and Prospective Cohort Studies,” Canadian Medical Association Journal189, no. 28 (July 2017): e929–e939; S. E. Swithers, “Artificial Sweeteners Produce the Counterintuitive Effect of Inducing Metabolic Derangements,” Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism24, no. 9 (2013): 431–41; J. A. Nettleton et al., “Diet Soda Intake and Risk of Incident Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA),” Diabetes Care32, no. 4 (2009): 688–94; S. S. Schiffman and K. I. Rother, “Sucralose, a Synthetic Organochlorine Sweetener: Overview of Biological Issues,” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B16, no. 7 (2013): 399–451.

116.  R. Mattes, “Effects of Aspartame and Sucrose on Hunger and Energy Intake in Humans,” Physiology and Behavior47, no. 6 (1990): 1037–44.

117.  Q. Yang, “Gain Weight by ‘Going Diet?’ Artificial Sweeteners and the Neurobiology of Sugar Cravings: Neuroscience 2010,” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine83, no. 2 (2010): 101.

118.  Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, “Evaluation of Certain Food Additives,” World Health Organization Technical Report Series952 (2009):
1–208.

119.  G. J. M. den Hartog et al., “Erythritol Is a Sweet Antioxidant,” Nutrition26, no. 4 (2010): 449–58.

120.  N. M. Avena, P. Rada, and B. G. Hoebel, “Evidence for Sugar Addiction: Behavioral and Neurochemical Effects of Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews32, no. 1 (2008): 20–39.

121.  D. G. Liem and C. de Graaf, “Sweet and Sour Preferences in Young Children and Adults: Role of Repeated Exposure,” Physiology and Behavior83, no. 3 (December 2004): 421–29.

122.  S. Thongprakaisang et al., “Glyphosate Induces Human Breast Cancer Cells Growth via Estrogen Receptors,” Food and Chemical Toxicology59 (2013): 129–36.

123.  K. E. Bradbury et al., “Organic Food Consumption and the Incidence of Cancer in a Large Prospective Study of Women in the United Kingdom,” British Journal of Cancer110, no. 9 (2014): 2321.

124.  C. Smith-Spangler et al., “Are Organic Foods Safer or Healthier than Conventional Alternatives? A Systematic Review,” Annals of Internal Medicine157, no. 5 (2012): 348–66.

125.  B. P. Baker et al., “Pesticide Residues in Conventional, Integrated Pest Management (IPM)-grown and Organic Foods: Insights from Three US Data Sets,” Food Additives and Contaminants19, no. 5 (2002): 427–46.

126.  Agricultural Marketing Service, “The National List,” United States Department of Agriculture, updated December 21, 2017, https://www.ams.usda.gov/rules-regulations/organic/national-list.

127.  W. J. Krol et al., “Reduction of Pesticide Residues on Produce by Rinsing,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry48, no. 10 (2000): 4666–70.

128.  Z. Y. Zhang, X. J. Liu, and X. Y. Hong, “Effects of Home Preparation on Pesticide Residues in Cabbage,” Food Control18, no. 12 (2007): 1484–87.

129.  G. Perelló et al., “Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Hexachlorobenzene and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Various Foodstuffs Before and After Cooking,” Food and Chemical Toxicology47, no. 4 (2009): 709–15.

130.  U. Bajwa and K. S. Sandhu, “Effect of Handling and Processing on Pesticide Residues in Food: A Review,” Journal of Food Science and Technology51, no. 2 (2014): 201–20.

131.  P. Chandon and B. Wansink, “The Biasing Health Halos of Fast-Food Restaurant Health Claims: Lower Calorie Estimates and Higher Side-Dish Consumption Intentions,” Journal of Consumer Research34, no. 3 (2007): 301–14.

132.  “Distinction Between Genetic Engineering and Conventional Plant Breeding Becoming Less Clear, Says New Report on GE Crops,” The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, May 17, 2016, http://www8.national​academies​.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=23395.

133.  United States Department of Agriculture, “Pesticide Data Program Annual Summary, Calendar Year 2011,” https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files​/media/2011%20PDP%20Annual%20Summary.pdf; E. Reverchon et al., “Hexane Elimination from Soybean Oil by Continuous Packed Tower Processing with Supercritical CO2,” Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society77, no. 1 (2000):
9–14.

134.  M. H. Carlsen et al., “The Total Antioxidant Content of More than 3100 Foods, Beverages, Spices, Herbs and Supplements Used Worldwide,” Nutrition Journal9, no. 1 (2010): 3.

135.  Superfoodly.com, “ORAC Values: Antioxidant Values of Foods and Beverages,” https://www.superfoodly.com/orac-values.

Chapter 5: Beyond Food: What You Should Do

     1.  G. N. Hortobagyi et al., “The Global Breast Cancer Burden: Variations in Epidemiology and Survival,” Clinical Breast Cancer6, no. 5 (2005): 391–401.

     2.  J. Ferlay et al., “Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: Sources, Methods and Major Patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012,” International Journal of Cancer136, no. 5 (March 2015): E359–E386.

     3.  K. Katanoda and D. Qiu, “Comparison of Time Trends in Female Breast Cancer Incidence (1973–1997) in East Asia, Europe, and USA, from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vols IV–VIII,” Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 8 (August 2007): 638–39, https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hym122.

     4.  “WHO Mortality Database,” World Health Organization, accessed December 27, 2017, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/mortality_data/en/.

     5.  R. G. Ziegler et al., “Relative Weight, Weight Change, Height, and Breast Cancer Risk in Asian-American Women,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute88, no. 10 (1996): 650–60.

     6.  L. A. Torre et al., “Global Cancer Statistics, 2012,” CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians65 (2015): 87–108.

     7.  R. G. Ziegler et al., “Migration Patterns and Breast Cancer Risk in Asian-American Women,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute85, no. 22 (1993): 1819–27.

     8.  S. L. Gomez et al., “Cancer Incidence Trends Among Asian American Populations in the United States, 1990–2008,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute105, no. 15 (2013): 1096–110.

     9.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, “Women and Heart Disease Fact Sheet,” accessed November 4, 2017, https://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_women_heart​.htm; American Cancer Society, Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2017–2018(Atlanta: American Cancer Society, Inc., 2017), accessed November 4, 2017, https://www​.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/breast-cancer​-facts​-and-figures/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures-2017-2018.pdf.

   10.  IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Cancer-Preventive Agents, “Weight Control and Physical Activity,” IARC Handbook of Cancer Prevention, vol. 6 (Lyon, France: IARC, 2002).

   11.  J. M. Petrelli et al., “Body Mass Index, Height, and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of US Women,” Cancer Causes and Control13, no. 4 (May 2002): 325–32.

   12.  A. Afshin et al., “Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years,” New England Journal of Medicine377 (2017): 13–27.

   13.  E. Weiderpass et al., “A Prospective Study of Body Size in Different Periods of Life and Risk of Premenopausal Breast Cancer,” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers13, no. 7 (2004): 1121–27.

   14.  A. McTiernan, “Behavioral Risk Factors in Breast Cancer: Can Risk Be Modified?” Oncologist8, no. 4 (2003): 326–34.

   15.  S. Loi et al., “Obesity and Outcomes in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention14, no. 7 (July 2005): 1686–91.

   16.  E. E. Calle et al., “Overweight, Obesity, and Mortality from Cancer in a Prospectively Studied Cohort of U.S. Adults,” New England Journal of Medicine348 (2003): 1625–38.

   17.  J. M. Petrelli et al., “Body Mass Index, Height, and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of US Women,” Cancer Causes and Control13, no. 4 (May 2002): 325–32.

   18.  S. A. Khan et al., “Estrogen Receptor Expression of Benign Breast Epithelium and Its Association with Breast Cancer,” Cancer Research54, no. 4 (1994): 993–97.

   19.  A. R. Carmichael, “Obesity as a Risk Factor for Development and Poor Prognosis of Breast Cancer,” BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology113, no. 10 (October 2006): 1160–66.

   20.  R. M. Cento et al., “Leptin Levels in Menopause: Effect of Estrogen Replacement Therapy,” Hormone Research in Paediatrics52, no. 6 (1999): 269–73.

   21.  A. A. J. Van Landeghem et al., “Endogenous Concentration and Subcellular Distribution of Androgens in Normal and Malignant Human Breast Tissue,” Cancer Research45, no. 6 (1985): 2907–12.

   22.  A. Kendall, E. J. Folkerd, and M. Dowsett, “Influences on Circulating Oestrogens in Postmenopausal Women: Relationship with Breast Cancer,” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology103, no. 2 (2007): 99–109; H. Kuhl, “Breast Cancer Risk in the WHI Study: The Problem of Obesity,”Maturitas51, no. 1 (May 2005): 83–97.

   23.  L. M. Morimoto et al., “Obesity, Body Size, and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: The Women’s Health Initiative (United States),” Cancer Causes and Control13, no. 8 (October 2002): 741–51.

   24.  D. P. Rose, D. Komninou, and G. D. Stephenson, “Obesity, Adipocytokines, and Insulin Resistance in Breast Cancer,” Obesity Reviews5, no. 3 (2004): 153–65.

   25.  A. Tchernof et al., “Weight Loss Reduces C-Reactive Protein Levels in Obese Postmenopausal Women,” Circulation105, no. 5 (2002): 564–69.

   26.  N. V. Christou et al., “Bariatric Surgery Reduces Cancer Risk in Morbidly Obese Patients,” Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases4, no. 6 (2008): 691–95.

   27.  M. Harvie et al., “Association of Gain and Loss of Weight Before and After Menopause with Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer in the Iowa Women’s Health Study,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention14, no. 3 (March 2005): 656–61.

   28.  P. T. Bradshaw et al., “Postdiagnosis Change in Bodyweight and Survival after Breast Cancer Diagnosis,” Epidemiology 23 (2012): 320–27.

   29.  A. McTiernan et al., “Recreational Physical Activity and the Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women: The Women’s Health Initiative Cohort Study,” Journal of the American Medical Association290, no. 10 (September 2010): 1331–36.

   30.  A. McTiernan, “Behavioral Risk Factors in Breast Cancer: Can Risk Be Modified?” Oncologist8, no. 4 (2003): 326–34.

   31.  L. Bernstein et al., “Physical Exercise and Reduced Risk of Breast Cancer in Young Women,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute86, no. 18 (1994): 1403–8.

   32.  A. McTiernan et al., “Relation of BMI and Physical Activity to Sex Hormones in Postmenopausal Women,” Obesity14, no. 9 (2006): 1662–77.

   33.  J. F. Meneses-Echávez et al., “The Effect of Exercise Training on Mediators of Inflammation in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 25, no. 7 (2016): 1009–17.

   34.  C. M. Dieli-Conwright and B. Z. Orozco, “Exercise after Breast Cancer Treatment: Current Perspectives,” Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy 7 (2015): 353.

   35.  “Physical Activity and Your Heart: Recommendations for Physical Activity,” National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, accessed July 31, 2017, https://www.nhlbi​.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/phys/recommend.

   36.  J. M. Beasley et al., “Meeting the Physical Activity Guidelines and Survival after Breast Cancer: Findings from the After Breast Cancer Pooling Project,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 131, no. 2(January 2012): 637–43.

   37.  B. MacMahon et al., “Age at First Birth and Breast Cancer Risk,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization43, no. 2 (1970): 209–21.

   38.  B. MacMahon, “Reproduction and Cancer of the Breast,” Cancer71, no. 10 (1993): 3185–88.

   39.  P. Bruzzi et al., “Short Term Increase in Risk of Breast Cancer After Full Term Pregnancy,” British Medical Journal297, no. 6656 (October 1988): 1096–98.

   40.  B. MacMahon et al., “Age at First Birth and Breast Cancer Risk,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization43, no. 2 (1970): 209–21.

   41.  B. MacMahon et al., “Age at First Birth and Breast Cancer Risk,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization43, no. 2 (1970): 209–21.

   42.  Y. Zhou et al., “Association Between Breastfeeding and Breast Cancer Risk: Evidence from a Meta-analysis,” Breastfeeding Medicine10, no. 3 (2015): 175–82.

   43.  P. A. Newcomb, “Lactation and Breast Cancer Risk,” Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplaisa2, no. 3 (1997): 311–18; S. Y. Lee et al., “Effect of Lifetime Lactation on Breast Cancer Risk: A Korean Women’s Cohort Study,” International Journal of Cancer105, no. 3 (June 2003): 390–93; J. L. Freudenheim et al., “Lactation History and Breast Cancer Risk,” American Journal of Epidemiology146, no. 11 (December 1997): 932–38.

   44.  F. Islami, et al., “Breastfeeding and Breast Cancer Risk by Receptor Status—a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Annals of Oncology26, no. 12 (2015): 2398–407.

   45.  J. Kotsopoulos et al., “Breastfeeding and the Risk of Breast Cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers,” Breast Cancer Research14, no. 2 (2012): R42.

   46.  G. Brignone et al., “A Case-Control Study on Breast Cancer Risk Factors in a Southern European Population,” International Journal of Epidemiology16, no. 3 (September 1987): 356–61; E. Negri et al., “Lactation and the Risk of Breast Cancer in an Italian Population,” International Journal of Cancer67, no. 2 (July 1996): 161–64; S. J. London et al., “Lactation and Risk of Breast Cancer in a Cohort of US Women,” American Journal of Epidemiology132, no. 1 (July 1990): 17–26.

   47.  J. Russo et al., “17-Beta-estradiol Induces Transformation and Tumorigenesis in Human Breast Epithelial Cells,” FASEB Journal20, no. 10 (2006): 1622–34.

   48.  B. T. Zhu and A. H. Conney, “Functional Role of Estrogen Metabolism in Target Cells: Review and Perspectives,” Carcinogenesis19, no. 1 (1998): 1–27.

   49.  A. McTiernan et al., “Estrogen-Plus-Progestin Use and Mammographic Density in Postmenopausal Women: Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trial,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97, no. 18 (September 2005): 1366–76.

   50.  J. E. Rossouw et al., “Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results from the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association288, no. 3 (July 2002): 321–33.

   51.  Million Women Study Collaborators, “Breast Cancer and Hormone-Replacement Therapy in the Million Women Study,” Lancet362, no. 9382 (2003): 419–27.

   52.  G. Heiss et al., “Health Risks and Benefits 3 Years after Stopping Randomized Treatment with Estrogen and Progestin,” Journal of the American Medical Association299, no. 9 (2008): 1036–45.

   53.  V. Beralet et al., “Breast Cancer Risk in Relation to the Interval between Menopause and Starting Hormone Therapy,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute103, no. 4 (2011): 296–305.

   54.  W. Y. Chen et al., “Unopposed Estrogen Therapy and the Risk of Invasive Breast Cancer,”Archives of Internal Medicine166, no. 9 (2006): 1027–32.

   55.  J. E. Manson et al., “Estrogen Therapy and Coronary-Artery Calcification,” New England Journal of Medicine356 (June 2007): 2591–602.

   56.  T. M. Brasky et al., “Specialty Supplements and Breast Cancer Risk in the Vitamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) Cohort,” Cancer Epidemiology, and Biomarkers and Prevention19, no. 7 (2010): 1696–708; C. L. Loprinzi et al., “Venlafaxine in Management of Hot Flashes in Survivors of Breast Cancer: A Randomised Controlled Trial,” Lancet 356, no. 9247 (2000): 2059–63.

   57.  A. Chang et al., “The Effect of Herbal Extract (EstroG‐100) on Pre‐, Peri‐ and Post‐menopausal Women: A Randomized Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study,” Phytotherapy Research26, no. 4 (2012): 510–16.

   58.  J. V. Pinkerton and G. D. Constantine, “Compounded Non-FDA–Approved Menopausal Hormone Therapy Prescriptions Have Increased: Results of a Pharmacy Survey,” Menopause 23, no. 4 (2016): 359.

   59.  A. Fournieret et al., “Use of Different Postmenopausal Hormone Therapies and Risk of Histology- and Hormone Receptor–Defined Invasive Breast Cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology26, no. 8 (2008): 1260–68.

   60.  American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures 2017(Atlanta: American Cancer Society, Inc., 2017), accessed January 14, 2018, https://www.cancer.org/content/dam​/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures​/2017/cancer-facts-and-figures-2017.pdf.

   61.  American Cancer Society, Cancer Prevention and Early Detection 2005.

   62.  P. D. Terry and T. E. Rohan, “Cigarette Smoking and the Risk of Breast Cancer in Women: A Review of the Literature,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention11, no. 10 (October 2002): 953–71.

   63.  M. D. Gammon et al., “Cigarette Smoking and Breast Cancer Risk among Young Women (United States),” Cancer Causes and Control9, no. 6 (December 1998): 583–90.

   64.  P. Reynolds, “Smoking and Breast Cancer,” Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia18 (2013): 15–23; S. A. Glantz and K. C. Johnson, “The Surgeon General Report on Smoking and Health 50 Years Later: Breast Cancer and the Cost of Increasing Caution,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention23, no. 1 (January 2014): 37–46.

   65.  L. Dossus et al., “Active and Passive Cigarette Smoking and Breast Cancer Risk: Results from the EPIC Cohort,” International Journal of Cancer 134, no. 8 (2014): 1871–88.

   66.  Y. Cui, A. B. Miller, and T. E. Rohan, “Cigarette Smoking and Breast Cancer Risk: Update of a Prospective Cohort Study,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment100, no. 3 (December 2006): 293–99.

   67.  P. Reynolds et al., “Active Smoking, Household Passive Smoking, and Breast Cancer: Evidence from the California Teachers Study,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute96, no. 1 (2004): 29–37.

   68.  M. N. Passarelli et al., “Cigarette Smoking Before and After Breast Cancer Diagnosis: Mortality from Breast Cancer and Smoking-Related Diseases,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 12 (April 2016): 1315–22.

   69.  J. Russo et al., “Cancer Risk Related to Mammary Gland Structure and Development,”Microscopy Research and Technique52, no. 2 (2001): 204–23.

   70.  M. R. Bonner et al., “Breast Cancer Risk and Exposure in Early Life to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Total Suspended Particulates as a Proxy Measure,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention14 (2005): 53–60.

   71.  R. A. Rudel et al., “Chemicals Causing Mammary Gland Tumors in Animals Signal New Directions for Epidemiology, Chemicals Testing, and Risk Assessment for Breast Cancer Prevention,”Cancer109, no. 12 (2007): 2635–66.

   72.  C. D. Land, “Radiation and Breast Cancer Risk,” Progress in Clinical Biological Research396 (1997): 115–24; E. Pukkala et al., “Breast Cancer in Belarus and Ukraine After the Chernobyl Accident,” International Journal of Cancer119 (2006): 651–58.

   73.  M. Morin-Doody et al., “Breast Cancer Mortality after Diagnostic Radiography: Findings from the U.S. Scoliosis Cohort Study,” Spine25 (2005): 2052–63.

   74.  N. G. Hildreth, R. E. Shore, and P. M. Dvoretsky, “The Risk of Breast Cancer After Irradiation of the Thymus in Infancy,” New England Journal of Medicine321, no. 19 (1989): 1281–84.

   75.  S. L. Hancock, M. A. Tucker, and R. T. Hoppe, “Breast Cancer After Treatment of Hodgkin’s Disease,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute85 (1993): 25–31; A. C. Aisenberg et al., “High Risk of Breast Carcinoma After Irradiation of Young Women with Hodgkin’s Disease,” Cancer79 (1997): 1203–10.

   76.  K. Deniz et al., “Breast Cancer in Women After Treatment for Hodgkin’s Disease,” Lancet Oncology4, no. 4 (April 2003): 207–14.

   77.  K. C. Oeffinger et al., “Breast Cancer Surveillance Practices Among Women Previously Treated with Chest Radiation for a Childhood Cancer,” Journal of the American Medical Association301, no. 4 (2009): 404–14.

   78.  National Cancer Institute, Cancer and the Environment: What You Need to Know, What You Can Do(National Institutes of Health, 2003).

   79.  J. G. Brody and R. A. Rudel, “Environmental Pollutants and Breast Cancer,” Environmental Health Perspectives111, no. 8 (2003): 1007.

   80.  K. Wada et al., “Life Style-Related Diseases of the Digestive System: Endocrine Disruptors Stimulate Lipid Accumulation in Target Cells Related to Metabolic Syndrome,” Journal of Pharmacological Sciences105, no. 2 (2007): 133–37.

   81.  J. Gray et al., “State of the Evidence: The Connection Between Breast Cancer and the Environment,” International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health15, no. 1 (2009): 43–78; National Research Council Committee, Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment(Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1999).

   82.  “Plastics—The Facts 2013,” PlasticsEurope, accessed December 10, 2017, http://www.plasticseurope.org/Document/plastics-the-facts-2013.aspx?FolID=2.

   83.  International Baby Food Action Network, “Brazil, China, Malaysia, and Now the US Follow the EU with Bans on BPA in Feeding Bottles and Infant Food Containers,” IBFAN.org, accessed December 10, 2017, http://ibfan.org/stop-press-bpa-sept-2012.

   84.  A. Schecter et al., “Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Levels in an Expanded Market Basket Survey of US Food and Estimated PBDE Dietary Intake by Age and Sex,” Environmental Health Perspectives114, no. 10 (2006): 1515.

   85.  M. K. Kettles et al., “Triazine Herbicide Exposure and Breast Cancer Incidence: An Ecologic Study of Kentucky Counties,” Environmental Health Perspectives105, no. 11 (1997): 1222; United States Environmental Protection Agency, “Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage, 2008–2012 Market Usage,” EPA.gov, accessed January 2, 2018, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/pesticides-industry​-sales-usage-2016_0.pdf.

   86.  T. B. Hayes et al., “Atrazine Induces Complete Feminization and Chemical Castration in Male African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus Laevis),” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences107, no. 10 (2010): 4612–17.

   87.  R. J. Biggar et al., “Digoxin Use and the Risk of Breast Cancer in Women,” Journal of Clinical Oncology29, no. 16 (2011): 2165–70.

   88.  A. L. Herbst, H. Ulfelder, and D. C. Poskanzer, “Adenocarcinoma of the Vagina: Association of Maternal Stilbestrol Therapy with Tumor Appearance in Young Women,” New England Journal of Medicine284 (1971): 878–81.

   89.  J. R. Palmer et al., “Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Risk of Breast Cancer,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention15 (2006): 1509–14.

   90.  F. S. vom Saal et al., “Chapel Hill Bisphenol A Expert Panel Consensus Statement: Integration of Mechanisms, Effects in Animals and Potential to Impact Human Health at Current Levels of Exposure,” Reproductive Toxicology24, no. 2 (August–September 2007): 131–8.

   91.  C. M. Jandegian et al., “Developmental Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) Alters Sexual Differentiation in Painted Turtles (Chrysemys Picta),” General and Comparative Endocrinology216 (2015): 77–85.

   92.  D. Case, “The Real Story Behind Bisphenol A,” Fast Company, February 1, 2009, https://www.fastcompany.com/1139298/real-story-behind-bisphenol.

   93.  F. S. vom Saal and C. Hughes, “An Extensive New Literature Concerning Low-Dose Effects of Bisphenol A Shows the Need for a New Risk Assessment,” Environmental Health Perspectives113, no. 8 (2005): 926–33.

   94.  G. M. Gray et al., “Weight of the Evidence Evaluation of Low-Dose Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Bisphenol A,” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment10, no. 5 (2004): 875–921.

   95.  J. Gray et al., “State of the Evidence: The Connection Between Breast Cancer and the Environment,” International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health15, no. 1 (2009): 43–78.

   96.  P. Franklin, “Down the Drain: Plastic Water Bottles Should No Longer Be a Wasted Resource,” Waste Management World, February 6, 2006, https://waste-management​-world.com/a/down-the-drain.

   97.  J. R. Jambeck et al., “Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean,” Science347, no. 6223 (2015): 768–71.

   98.  S. Spear, “Stomach Contents of Seabirds Show that Marine Plastic Pollution Is Out of Control,” EcoWatch, July 9, 2012, https://www.ecowatch.com/stomach-contents​-of-seabirds-show-that-marine-plastic-pollution-is-out-1881631462.html.

   99.  B. C. Wolverton, A. Johnson, and K. Bounds, Interior Landscape Plants for Indoor Air Pollution Abatement: Final Report—September 1989(Bay Saint Louis, MS: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, John C. Stennis Space Center, 1989).

100.  S. J. Genuis et al., “Blood, Urine, and Sweat (BUS) Study: Monitoring and Elimination of Bioaccumulated Toxic Elements,” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology61, no. 2 (2011): 344–57.

101.  S. C. Segerstrom and G. E. Miller, “Psychological Stress and the Human Immune System: A Meta-analytic Study of 30 Years of Inquiry,” Psychological Bulletin130, no. 4 (2004): 601.

102.  D. S. Krantz and M. K. McCeney, “Effects of Psychological and Social Factors on Organic Disease: A Critical Assessment of Research on Coronary Heart Disease,” Annual Review of Psychology53 (2002): 341–69.

103.  C. Hammen, “Stress and Depression,” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology1 (2005): 293–319.

104.  R. J. Wright, M. Rodriguez, and S. Cohen, “Review of Psychosocial Stress and Asthma: An Integrated Biopsychosocial Approach,” Thorax53, no. 12 (1998): 1066–74.

105.  M. F. Dallman et al., “Chronic Stress and Obesity: A New View of ‘Comfort Food,’” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences100, no. 20 (2003): 11696–701.

106.  K. E. Wellen and G. S. Hotamisligil, “Inflammation, Stress, and Diabetes,” Journal of Clinical Investigation115, no. 5 (2005): 1111.

107.  J. Leserman et al., “Progression to AIDS, a Clinical AIDS Condition and Mortality: Psychosocial and Physiological Predictors,” Psychological Medicine32, no. 6 (2002): 1059–73.

108.  J. Passchier and J. F. Orlebeke, “Headaches and Stress in Schoolchildren: An Epidemiological Study,” Cephalalgia5, no. 3 (1985): 167–76.

109.  M. A. Smith et al., “Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer’s Disease,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease1502, no. 1 (2000): 139–44.

110.  E. A. Mayer, “The Neurobiology of Stress and Gastrointestinal Disease,” Gut47, no. 6 (2000): 861–69.

111.  K. W. Davidson, E. Mostofsky, and W. Whang, “Don’t Worry, Be Happy: Positive Affect and Reduced 10-Year Incident Coronary Heart Disease: The Canadian Nova Scotia Health Survey,” European Heart Journal 31, no. 9 (2010): 1065–70.

112.  E. L. Worthington and M. Scherer, “Forgiveness Is an Emotion-Focused Coping Strategy that Can Reduce Health Risks and Promote Health Resilience: Theory, Review, and Hypotheses,” Psychology & Health19, no. 3 (2004): 385–405; C. van Oyen Witvliet, T. E. Ludwig, and K. L. Vander Laan, “Granting Forgiveness or Harboring Grudges: Implications for Emotion, Physiology, and Health,” Psychological Science12, no. 2 (2001): 117–23.

113.  K. A. Lawler et al., “The Unique Effects of Forgiveness on Health: An Exploration of Pathways,” Journal of Behavioral Medicine28, no. 2 (2005): 157–67.

114.  M. E. McCullough et al., “Religious Involvement and Mortality: A Meta-analytic Review,” Health Psychology 19, no. 3 (2000): 211.

115.  Y. Jia et al., “Does Night Work Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Epidemiological Studies,” Cancer Epidemiology37 (2013): 197–206.

116.  International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 98: Painting, Firefighting, and Shiftwork (Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2007).

117.  G. C. Brainard, R. Kavet, and L. I. Kheifets, “The Relationship Between Electromagnetic Field and Light Exposures to Melatonin and Breast Cancer Risk: A Review of the Relevant Literature,” Journal of Pineal Research 26, no. 2 (1999): 65–100; R. G. Stevens et al., “Breast Cancer and Circadian Disruption from Electric Lighting in the Modern World,” CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians64 (2014): 207–18.

118.  E. E. Flynn-Evans et al., “Total Visual Blindness Is Protective Against Breast Cancer,” Cancer Causes and Control20, no. 9 (2009): 1753–56.

119.  M. Cohen, M. Lippman, and B. Chabner, “Pineal Gland and Breast Cancer,”Lancet 2, no. 8104–5 (December 1978): 1381–82.

120.  I. Kloog et al., “Light at Night Co‐distributes with Incident Breast but Not Lung Cancer in the Female Population of Israel,” Chronobiology International 25, no. 1 (2008): 65–81.

Chapter 6: Uncontrollable Risk Factors: Do You Have Them?

     1.  L. M. Sánchez-Zamorano et al., “Healthy Lifestyle on the Risk of Breast Cancer,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention20, no. 5 (2011): 912–22.

     2.  L. A. Brinton et al., “Anthropometric and Hormonal Risk Factors for Male Breast Cancer: Male Breast Cancer Pooling Project Results,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute106, no. 3 (March 2014): djt465; K. J. Ruddy and E. P. Winer, “Male Breast Cancer: Risk Factors, Biology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Survivorship,” Annals of Oncology24, no. 6 (2013): 1434–43.

     3.  American Cancer Society, Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2017–2018(Atlanta: American Cancer Society, Inc., 2017), accessed November 4, 2017, https://www​.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/breast-cancer​-facts​-and​-figures/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures-2017-2018.pdf.

     4.  “World Health Statistics 2016: Monitoring Health for the SDGs: Annex B: Tables of Health Statistics by Country, WHO Region and Globally,” World Health Organization, 2016, accessed November 4, 2017, http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2016/EN_WHS2016_AnnexB.pdf?ua=1.

     5.  M. Pierce and R. Hardy, “Commentary: The Decreasing Age of Puberty—As Much a Psychosocial as Biological Problem?” International Journal of Epidemiology41, no. 1 (2012): 300–302.

     6.  M. E. Herman-Giddens et al., “Secondary Sexual Characteristics and Menses in Young Girls Seen in Office Practice: A Study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network,” Pediatrics99, no. 4 (1997): 505–12.

     7.  M. M. Grumbach, “Puberty: Ontogeny, Neuroendocrinology, Physiology, and Dis­order,” Williams Textbook of Endocrinology(Philadelphia: Saunders, 1998), 1509–625.

     8.  S. J. Jordan, P. M. Webb, and A. C. Green, “Height, Age at Menarche, and Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention14 (2005): 2045–48.

     9.  M. B. Pierce and D. A. Leon, “Age at Menarche and Adult BMI in the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s Cohort Study,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82 (2005): 733–98.

   10.  M. B. Pierce, D. Kuh, and R. Hardy, “The Role of BMI Across the Life Course in the Relationship Between Age at Menarche and Diabetes, in a British Birth Cohort,” Diabetic Medicine29, no. 5 (May 2012): 600–603.

   11.  G. C. Patton and R. Viner, “Pubertal Transitions in Health,” Lancet369, no. 9567 (March 2007): 1130–39.

   12.  M. B. Pierce, D. Kuh, and R. Hardy, “Role of Lifetime Body Mass Index in the Association Between Age at Puberty and Adult Lipids: Findings from Men and Women in a British Birth Cohort,” Annals of Epidemiology20, no. 9 (September 2010): 676–82.

   13.  M. R. Palmert et al., “Is Obesity an Outcome of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Administration? Analysis of Growth and Body Composition in 110 Patients with Central Precocious Puberty,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism84, no. 12 (1999): 4480–88; F. Massart et al., “How Do Environmental Estrogen Disruptors Induce Precocious Puberty?” Minerva Pediatrica58, no. 3 (2006): 247–54.

   14.  J. Dratva et al., “Is Age at Menopause Increasing Across Europe? Results on Age at Menopause and Determinants from Two Population-Based Studies,” Menopause16, no. 2 (2009): 385–94.

   15.  J. R. Wisbey et al., “Natural History of Breast Pain,” Lancet 322, no. 8351 (1983): 672–74.

   16.  Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, “Menarche, Menopause, and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-analysis, Including 118,964 Women with Breast Cancer from 117 Epidemiological Studies,” Lancet Oncology13, no. 11 (2012): 1141–51.

   17.  G. Copeland et al., Cancer in North America: 2008–2012. Volume One: Combined Cancer Incidence for the United States, Canada and North America(Springfield, IL: North American Association of Central Cancer Registries, 2015).

   18.  American Cancer Society, Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2017–2018(Atlanta: American Cancer Society, Inc., 2017), accessed November 5, 2017, https://www​.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/breast-cancer​-facts​-and-figures/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures-2017-2018.pdf.

   19.  L. X. Clegg et al., “Cancer Survival Among US Whites and Minorities: A SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) Program Population-Based Study,” Archives of Internal Medicine162, no. 17 (September 2002): 1985–93.

   20.  American Cancer Society, “Cancer Facts & Figures for African Americans, 2016–18,” accessed November 4, 2017, https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org​/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/cancer-facts-and-figures-for-african-americans​/cancer-facts-and-figures-for-african-americans-2016-2018.pdf.

   21.  D. Huo et al., “Comparison of Breast Cancer Molecular Features and Survival by African and European Ancestry in The Cancer Genome Atlas,” JAMA Oncology, accessed December 10, 2017, doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.0595.

   22.  R. T. Chlebowski et al., “Ethnicity and Breast Cancer: Factors Influencing Differences in Incidence and Outcome,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute97, no. 6 (March 2005): 439–48; A. Naeim et al., “Do Age and Ethnicity Predict Breast Cancer Treatment Received? A Cross-Sectional Urban Population–Based Study, Breast Cancer Treatment: Age and Ethnicity,” Critical Reviews in Oncology-Hematology59, no. 3 (September 2006): 234–42; G. Maskarinec et al., “A Longitudinal Investigation of Mammographic Density: The Multiethnic Cohort,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention15, no. 4 (April 2006): 732–39; C. P. Kaplan et al., “Breast Cancer Risk Reduction Options: Awareness, Discussion, and Use Among Women from Four Ethnic Groups,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention15, no. 1 (January 2006): 162–66; L. Tillman et al., “Breast Cancer in Native American Women Treated at an Urban-Based Indian Health Referral Center 1982–2003,” American Journal of Surgery190, no. 6 (December 2005): 895–902; R. Nanda et al., “Genetic Testing in an Ethnically Diverse Cohort of High-Risk Women: A Comparative Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations in American Families of European and African Ancestry,” Journal of the American Medical Association 294, no. 15 (2005): 1925–33; Hunt et al., “Increasing Black:White Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality in the 50 Largest Cities in the US,” Cancer Epidemiology 38, no. 2 (April 2014): 118–23; S. Percac-Lima et al., “Decreasing Disparities in Breast Cancer Screening in Refugee Women Using Culturally Tailored Patient Navigation,” Journal of General Internal Medicine28 (2013): 1463–68.

   23.  J. S. Lawson, “The Link Between Socioeconomic Status and Breast Cancer—a Possible Explanation,” Scandinavian Journal of Public Health27, no. 3 (September 1999): 203–5.

   24.  S. A. Robert et al., “Socioeconomic Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: Distinguishing Individual- and Community-Level Effects,” Epidemiology15, no. 4 (July 2004): 442–50.

   25.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Breast Cancer Screening and Socioeconomic Status—35 Metropolitan Areas, 2000 and 2002,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report54, no. 39 (October 2005): 981–85.

   26.  A. Downing et al., “Socioeconomic Background in Relation to Stage at Diagnosis, Treatment and Survival in Women with Breast Cancer,” British Journal of Cancer96, no. 5 (March 2007): 836–40; L. E. Rutqvist and A. Bern, “Socioeconomic Gradients in Clinical Stage at Presentation and Survival Among Breast Cancer Patients in the Stockholm Area 1977–1997,” International Journal of Cancer119, no. 6 (September 2006): 1433–39.

   27.  R. Shi, “Effects of Payer Status on Breast Cancer Survival: A Retrospective Study,” BMC Cancer15 (2015): 211.

   28.  L. A. Newman et al., “Impact of Breast Carcinoma on African-American Women: The Detroit Experience,” Cancer91, no. 9 (May 2001): 1834–43.

   29.  H. J. Baer et al., “Adult Height, Age at Attained Height, and Incidence of Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Women,” International Journal of Cancer119, no. 9 (November 2006): 2231–35.

   30.  J. M. Petrelli et al., “Body Mass Index, Height, and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of US Women,” Cancer Causes and Control13, no. 4 (May 2002): 325–32.

   31.  R. G. Ziegler, “Anthropometry and Breast Cancer,” Journal of Nutrition127, no. 5 (May 1997): 924S–928S.

   32.  Hormones, the Endogenous, and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group, “Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1), IGF Binding Protein 3 (IGFBP3), and Breast Cancer Risk: Pooled Individual Data Analysis of 17 Prospective Studies,” Lancet Oncology11, no. 6 (2010): 530–42.

   33.  R. Pacifici, “Cytokines, Estrogen, and Postmenopausal Osteoporosis—the Second Decade,” Endocrinology139, no. 6 (June 1998): 2659–61.

   34.  Y. Zhang et al., “Bone Mass and the Risk of Breast Cancer Among Postmenopausal Women,” New England Journal of Medicine336, no. 9 (February 1997): 611–17; J. A. Cauley et al., “Bone Mineral Density and Risk of Breast Cancer in Older Women: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group,” Journal of the American Medical Association276, no. 17 (November 1996): 1404–8.

   35.  I. Persson et al., “Reduced Risk of Breast and Endometrial Cancer Among Women with Hip Fractures,” Cancer Causes and Control5, no. 6 (November 1994): 523–28; H. Olsson and G. Hagglund, “Reduced Cancer Morbidity and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of Women with Distal Forearm Fractures,” American Journal of Epidemiology136, no. 4 (August 1992): 422–27.

   36.  N. F. Boyd et al., “Mammographic Density: A Hormonally Responsive Risk Factor for Breast Cancer,” Journal of the British Menopause Society12, no. 4 (December 2006): 186–93; M. P. V. Shekhar et al., “Breast Stroma Plays a Dominant Regulatory Role in Breast Epithelial Growth and Differentiation: Implications for Tumor Development and Progression,” Cancer Research61, no. 4 (2001): 1320–26.

   37.  T. M. Kolb, J. Lichy, and J. H. Newhouse, “Comparison of the Performance of Screening Mammography, Physical Examination, and Breast US and Evaluation of Factors that Influence Them: An Analysis of 27,825 Patient Evaluations,” Radiology225, no. 1 (2002): 165–75.

   38.  N. F. Boyd et al., “Quantitative Classification of Mammographic Densities and Breast Cancer Risk: Results from the Canadian National Breast Screening Study,”Journal of the National Cancer Institute87, no. 9 (May 1995): 670–75; R. M. Tamimi et al., “Endogenous Hormone Levels, Mammographic Density, and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute99, no. 15 (August 2007): 1178–87.

   39.  J. A. Knight et al., “Macronutrient Intake and Change in Mammographic Density at Menopause: Results from a Randomized Trial,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention8, no. 2 (February 1999): 123–28; G. A. Greendale et al., “Effects of Estrogen and Estrogen-Progestin on Mammographic Parenchymal Density: Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Investigators,” Annals of Internal Medicine130, no. 4 (February 1999): 262–69.

   40.  G. Ursin et al., “Can Mammographic Densities Predict Effects of Tamoxifen on the Breast?” Journal of the National Cancer Institute88, no. 2 (January 1996): 128–29.

   41.  A. McTiernan et al., “Estrogen-Plus-Progestin Use and Mammographic Density in Postmenopausal Women: Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trial,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute97, no. 18 (2005): 1366–76.

   42.  J. Cuzick et al., “Tamoxifen-Induced Reduction in Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer Risk Reduction: A Nested Case-Control Study,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute103, no. 9 (2011): 744–52.

   43.  K. A. Ely et al., “Core Biopsy of the Breast with Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia: A Probabilistic Approach to Reporting,” American Journal of Surgical Pathology25, no. 8 (August 2001): 1017–21.

   44.  “Consensus Guideline on Concordance Assessment of Image-Guided Breast Biopsies and Management of Borderline or High-Risk Lesions,” The American Society of Breast Surgeons, accessed September 9, 2017, https://www.breastsurgeons.org​/new​_layout/about/statements/PDF_Statements/Concordance_and_High%20RiskLesions​.pdf; M. Morrow, S. J. Schnitt, and L. Norton, “Reviews: Current Management of Lesions Associated with an Increased Risk of Breast Cancer,” National Review of Clinical Oncology12 (2015): 227–38.

   45.  M. Guray and A. A. Sahin, “Benign Breast Diseases: Classification, Diagnosis, and Management,” Oncologist11, no. 5 (2006): 435–49; R. A. Jensen et al., “Invasive Breast Cancer Risk in Women with Sclerosing Adenosis,” Cancer64, no. 10 (1989): 1977–83.

   46.  B. Fisher et al., “Tamoxifen for Prevention of Breast Cancer: Report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute90, no. 18 (September 1998): 1371–88.

   47.  N. Houssami et al., “The Association of Surgical Margins and Local Recurrence in Women with Early-Stage Invasive Breast Cancer Treated with Breast-Conserving Therapy: A Meta-analysis,” Annals of Surgical Oncology 21, no. 3 (2014): 717–30.

   48.  R. E. Curtis et al., New Malignancies Among Cancer Survivors: SEER Cancer Registries, 1973–2000(Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 2006).

   49.  R. E. Curtis et al., “New Malignancies Following Breast Cancer,” in New Malignancies Among Cancer Survivors: SEER Cancer Registries, 1973–2000(Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 2006).

   50.  “Familial Breast Cancer: Collaborative Reanalysis of Individual Data from 52 Epidemiological Studies Including 58,209 Women with Breast Cancer and 101,986 Women Without the Disease,” Lancet358, no. 9291 (2001): 1389–99.

   51.  P. Pharoah et al., “Family History and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” International Journal of Cancer71, no. 5 (1997): 800–9.

   52.  K. A. Metcalfe et al., “Breast Cancer Risks in Women with a Family History of Breast or Ovarian Cancer Who Have Tested Negative for a BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutation,” British Journal of Cancer100, no. 2 (2009): 421.

   53.  B. N. Peshkin, M. L. Alabek, and C. Isaacs, “BRCA 1/2 Mutations and Triple Negative Breast Cancers,” Breast Disease32, no. 1–2 (2011): 25–33.

   54.  “Prevalence and Penetrance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations in a Population-Based Series of Breast Cancer Cases: Anglian Breast Cancer Study Group,” British Journal of Cancer83, no. 10 (2000): 1301–8; V. A. Moyer, “Risk Assessment, Genetic Counseling, and Genetic Testing for BRCA-Related Cancer in Women: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement,” Annals of Internal Medicine160, no. 4 (February 2014): 271–81.

   55.  N. Petrucelli, M. B. Daly, and T. Pal, “BRCA1- and BRCA2-Associated Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer,” in M. P. Adam et al., eds., GeneReviews(Seattle: University of Washington, 1993–2018).

   56.  S. Chen and G. Parmigiani, “Meta-analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Penetrance,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 11 (April 2007): 1329–33.

   57.  B. N. Peshkin, M. L. Alabek, and C. Isaacs, “BRCA 1/2 Mutations and Triple Negative Breast Cancers,” Breast Disease32, nos. 1–2 (2011): 25–33.

   58.  K. Metcalfe et al., “Contralateral Breast Cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers,” Journal of Clinical Oncology22, no. 12 (June 2004): 2328–35.

   59.  S. Panchal et al., “Does Family History Predict the Age at Onset of New Breast Cancers in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation‐Positive Families?” Clinical Genetics 77, no. 3 (2010): 273–79.

   60.  E. Mocci et al., “Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in Breast Cancer Families from the Breast Cancer Family Registry, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention22, no. 5 (May 2013): 803–11.

   61.  D. Easton et al., “Cancer Risks in BRCA2 Mutation Carriers,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 91, no. 15 (August 1999): 1310–16.

   62.  A. Liede, B. Y. Karlan, and S. A. Narod, “Cancer Risks for Male Carriers of Germline Mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2: A Review of the Literature,” Journal of Clinical Oncology22, no. 4 (February 2004): 735–42.

   63.  D. Easton et al., “Cancer Risks in BRCA2 Mutation Carriers,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 91, no. 15 (August 1999): 1310–16.

   64.  L. Castéra et al., “Next-Generation Sequencing for the Diagnosis of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Using Genomic Capture Targeting Multiple Candidate Genes,” European Journal of Human Genetics22, no. 11 (2014): 1305.

   65.  K. D. Gonzalez et al., “Beyond Li Fraumeni Syndrome: Clinical Characteristics of Families with p53 Germline Mutations,” Journal of Clinical Oncology27, no. 8 (2009): 1250–56.

   66.  P. D. Pharoah, P. Guilford, and C. Caldas, “Incidence of Gastric Cancer and Breast Cancer in CDH1 (E-cadherin) Mutation Carriers from Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Families,” Gastroenterology121, no. 6 (2001): 1348–53.

   67.  M. K. Schmidt et al., “Breast Cancer Survival and Tumor Characteristics in Premenopausal Women Carrying the CHEK2* 1100delC Germline Mutation,” Journal of Clinical Oncology25, no. 1 (2006): 64–69.

   68.  M. K. Schmidt et al., “Breast Cancer Survival and Tumor Characteristics in Premenopausal Women Carrying the CHEK2* 1100delC Germline Mutation,” Journal of Clinical Oncology25, no. 1 (2006): 64–69.

   69.  B. Zhang et al., “Genetic Variants Associated with Breast Cancer Risk: Comprehensive Research Synopsis, Meta-analysis, and Epidemiological Evidence,” Lancet Oncology 12, no. 5 (May 2011): 477–88.

   70.  D. F. Easton et al., “Gene-Panel Sequencing and the Prediction of Breast Cancer Risk,” New England Journal of Medicine 372, no. 23 (2015): 2243–57.

   71.  A. Broeks et al., “Identification of Women with an Increased Risk of Developing Radiation-Induced Breast Cancer: A Case Only Study,” Breast Cancer Research9, no. 2 (2007): R26.

   72.  A. Broeks et al., “Identification of Women with an Increased Risk of Developing Radiation-Induced Breast Cancer: A Case Only Study,” Breast Cancer Research9, no. 2 (2007): R26.

   73.  F. J. Couch et al., “Inherited Mutations in 17 Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes Among a Large Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cohort Unselected for Family History of Breast Cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology33, no. 4 (2015): 304–11.

   74.  National Comprehensive Cancer Network, “Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast and Ovarian,” NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology, accessed August 19, 2017, https://www.tri-kobe.org/nccn/guideline/gynecological​/english/genetic_familial.pdf.

   75.  C. K. Kuhl et al., “Mammography, Breast Ultrasound, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Surveillance of Women at High Familial Risk for Breast Cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology23, no. 33 (2005): 8469–76.

   76.  S. Iodice et al., “Oral Contraceptives and Breast or Ovarian Cancer Risk in BRCA 1/2 Carriers: A Meta-analysis,” European Journal of Cancer 46, no. 12 (August 2010): 2275–84.

   77.  American Cancer Society, Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2017–2018(Atlanta: American Cancer Society, Inc., 2017), accessed December 11, 2017, https://www​.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/breast​-cancer-facts-and-figures/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures-2017-2018.pdf.

Chapter 7: Medications and Operations to Consider

     1.  J. Cuzick et al., “Preventive Therapy for Breast Cancer: A Consensus Statement,” Lancet Oncology12, no. 5 (2011): 496–503.

     2.  P. E. Goss et al., “Exemestane for Breast Cancer Prevention in Postmenopausal Women,” New England Journal of Medicine364, no. 25 (2011): 2381–91.

     3.  J. Cuzick et al., “Anastrozole for Prevention of Breast Cancer in High-Risk Postmenopausal Women (IBIS-II): An International, Double-Blind, Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Lancet383, no. 9922 (2014): 1041–48.

     4.  L. E. Rutqvist et al., “Contralateral Primary Tumors in Breast Cancer Patients in a Randomized Trial of Adjuvant Tamoxifen Therapy,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute83: 1299–306.

     5.  B. Fisher et al., “Tamoxifen for Prevention of Breast Cancer: Report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study,”Journal of the National Cancer Institute90, no. 18 (September 1998): 1371–88.

     6.  J. Cuzick et al., “Tamoxifen and Breast Density in Women at Increased Risk of Breast Cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute96, no. 8 (April 2004): 621–28.

     7.  M. C. King et al.,“Tamoxifen and Breast Cancer Incidence Among Women with Inherited Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP-P1) Breast Cancer Prevention Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 286, no. 18 (2001): 2251–56.

     8.  K. A. Phillips et al.,“Tamoxifen and Risk of Contralateral Breast Cancer for
BRCA1 and BRCA2Mutation Carriers,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 25 (2013): 3091–99.

     9.  N. Orr et al., “Fine-Mapping Identifies Two Additional Breast Cancer Susceptibility Loci at 9q31.2,” Human Molecular Genetics24, no. 10 (May 2015): 2966–84.

   10.  A. C. Antoniou et al., “Common Alleles at 6q25.1 and 1p11.2 Are Associated with Breast Cancer Risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers,” Human Molecular Genetics20, no. 16 (2011): 3304–21.

   11.  V. G. Vogel et al., “Effects of Tamoxifen vs Raloxifene on the Risk of Developing Invasive Breast Cancer and Other Disease Outcomes: The NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 295, no. 23 (June 2006): 2727–41.

   12.  J. Cuzick et al., “Selective Oestrogen Receptor Modulators in Prevention of Breast Cancer: An Updated Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data,” Lancet381, no. 9880 (2013): 1827–34.

   13.  R. T. Chlebowski et al., “Oral Bisphosphonate Use and Breast Cancer Incidence in Postmenopausal Women,” Journal of Clinical Oncology28, no. 22 (2010): 3582–90.

   14.  G. Rennert, M. Pinchev, and H. S. Rennert, “Use of Bisphosphonates and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 28, no. 22 (2010): 3577–81.

   15.  T. J. Hall and M. Schaueblin, “A Pharmacological Assessment of the Mammalian Osteoclast Vacuolar H+-ATPase,” Bone and Mineral27, no. 2 (1994): 159–66.

   16.  M. Bodmer et al., “Long-Term Metformin Use Is Associated with Decreased Risk of Breast Cancer,” Diabetes Care33, no. 6 (2010): 1304–8.

   17.  R. Govindarajan et al., “Thiazolidinediones and the Risk of Lung, Prostate, and Colon Cancer in Patients with Diabetes,” Journal of Clinical Oncology25, no. 12 (2007): 1476–81.

   18.  F. Frasca et al., “The Role of Insulin Receptors and IGF-I Receptors in Cancer and Other Diseases,” Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry114, no. 1 (2008): 23–37; L. L. Lipscombe et al., “The Impact of Diabetes on Survival Following Breast Cancer,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment109, no. 2 (2008): 389–95.

   19.  A. DeCensi et al., “Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Cancer Prevention Research3, no. 11 (2010): 1451–61.

   20.  N. D. Barnard et al., “A Low-Fat Vegan Diet Improves Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Randomized Clinical Trial in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes,” Diabetes Care29, no. 8 (2006): 1777–83.

   21.  M. F. Arisi et al., “All Trans-retinoic Acid (ATRA) Induces Re-differentiation of Early Transformed Breast Epithelial Cells,” International Journal of Oncology 44, no. 6 (2014): 1831–42.

   22.  U. Veronesi et al., “Fifteen-Year Results of a Randomized Phase III Trial of Fenretinide to Prevent Second Breast Cancer,” Annals of Oncology17, no. 7 (2006): 1065–71.

   23.  E. Garattini et al., “Retinoids and Breast Cancer: from Basic Studies to the Clinic and Back Again,” Cancer Treatment Reviews40, no. 6 (2014): 739–49.

   24.  R. E. Harris et al., Women’s Health Initiative, “Breast Cancer and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Prospective Results from the Women’s Health Initiative,” Cancer Research63, no. 18 (September 2003): 6096–101.

   25.  L. Gallicchio et al., “Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and the Risk of Developing Breast Cancer in a Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study in Washington County, MD,” International Journal of Cancer121, no. 1 (July 2007): 211–15; E. Rahme et al., “Association Between Frequent Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Breast Cancer,” BMC Cancer5 (2005): 159; T. M. Brasky et al., “Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID) Use and Breast Cancer Risk in the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer (WEB) Study,” Cancer Causes and Control21, no. 9 (2010): 1503–12.

   26.  K. K. Ludwig et al., “Risk Reduction and Survival Benefit of Prophylactic Surgery in BRCA Mutation Carriers, a Systematic Review,” American Journal of Surgery212, no. 4 (2016): 660–69.

   27.  L. Lostumbo et al., “Prophylactic Mastectomy for the Prevention of Breast Cancer,”Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews4, no. 4 (October 2004).

   28.  J. K. Litton et al., “Earlier Age of Onset of BRCA Mutation‐Related Cancers in Subsequent Generations,” Cancer118, no. 2 (2012): 321–25.

   29.  H. B. Nichols et al., “Declining Incidence of Contralateral Breast Cancer in the United States from 1975 to 2006,” Journal of Clinical Oncology29, no. 12 (2011): 1564–69.

   30.  L. Bertelsen et al., “Effect of Systemic Adjuvant Treatment on Risk for Contralateral Breast Cancer in the Women’s Environment, Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Study,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 100, no. 1 (2008): 32–40.

   31.  Y. Chen et al., “Epidemiology of Contralateral Breast Cancer,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention8 (1999): 855–61.

   32.  A. S. Reiner et al., “Hormone Receptor Status of a First Primary Breast Cancer Predicts Contralateral Breast Cancer Risk in the WECARE Study Population,” Breast Cancer Research19, no. 1 (2017): 83.

   33.  J. Ji and K. Hemminki, “Risk for Contralateral Breast Cancers in a Population Covered by Mammography: Effects of Family History, Age at Diagnosis and Histology,” Breast Cancer and Research Treatment105 (2007): 229–36.

   34.  K. Hemminki, J. Ji, and A. Forsti, “Risks for Familial and Contralateral Breast Cancer Interact Multiplicatively and Cause a High Risk,” Cancer Research67 (2007): 868–70.

   35.  M. K. Graeser et al., “Contralateral Breast Cancer Risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers,” Journal of Clinical Oncology27 (2009): 5887–92.

   36.  J. A. Largent et al., “Reproductive History and Risk of Second Primary Breast Cancer: The WECARE Study,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention16 (2007): 906–11.

   37.  J. A. Largent et al., “Reproductive History and Risk of Second Primary Breast Cancer: The WECARE Study,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention16 (2007): 906–11.

   38.  N. Druesne-Pecollo et al., “Excess Body Weight and Second Primary Cancer Risk after Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment135 (2012): 647–54.

   39.  H. B. Nichols et al., “Declining Incidence of Contralateral Breast Cancer in the United States from 1975 to 2006,” Journal of Clinical Oncology29, no. 12 (2011): 1564–69.

   40.  L. Lostumbo, N. E. Carbine, and J. Wallace, “Prophylactic Mastectomy for the Prevention of Breast Cancer,” Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews(November 2010).

   41.  T. Musiello, E. Bornhammar, and C. Saunders, “Breast Surgeons’ Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy,” ANZ Journal of Surgery83, nos. 7–8 (2013): 527–32.

   42.  C. E. Pesce et al., “Changing Surgical Trends in Young Patients with Early Stage Breast Cancer, 2003 to 2010: A Report from the National Cancer Data Base,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons219, no. 1 (2014): 19–28.

   43.  K. L. Kummerow et al., “Nationwide Trends in Mastectomy for Early-Stage Breast Cancer,”JAMA Surgery150 (2015): 9–16.

   44.  A. K. Arrington et al., “Patient and Surgeon Characteristics Associated with Increased Use of Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy in Patients with Breast Cancer,” Annals of Surgical Oncology16, no. 10 (2009): 2697–704.

   45.  U. Güth et al., “Increasing Rates of Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy—A Trend Made in USA?” European Journal of Surgical Oncology38, no. 4 (2012): 296–301.

   46.  J. Gahm, M. Wickman, and Y. Brandberg, “Bilateral Prophylactic Mastectomy in Women with Inherited Risk of Breast Cancer—Prevalence of Pain and Discomfort, Impact on Sexuality, Quality of Life and Feelings of Regret Two Years After Surgery,” Breast19, no. 6 (2010): 462–69.

   47.  M. H. Frost et al., “Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy: Long-Term Consistency of Satisfaction and Adverse Effects and the Significance of Informed Decision-Making, Quality of Life, and Personality Traits,” Annals of Surgical Oncology18, no. 11 (2011): 3110.

   48.  S. M. Domchek et al., “Association of Risk-Reducing Surgery in BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutation Carriers with Cancer Risk and Mortality,” Journal of the American Medical Association304, no. 9 (2010): 967–75.

   49.  C. Iavazzo, I. D. Gkegkes, and N. Vrachnis, “Primary Peritoneal Cancer in BRCA Carriers After Prophylactic Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy,” Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association 17, no. 2 (2016): 73.

   50.  National Comprehensive Cancer Network, “Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast and Ovarian,” NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology, accessed August 25, 2017, https://www.tri-kobe.org/nccn/guideline/gynecological​/english/genetic_familial.pdf.

   51.  T. R. Rebbeck et al., “Effect of Short-Term Hormone Replacement Therapy on Breast Cancer Risk Reduction After Bilateral Prophylactic Oophorectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers: The PROSE Study Group,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, no. 31 (2005): 7804–10.

   52.  K. Armstrong et al., “Hormone Replacement Therapy and Life Expectancy After Prophylactic Oophorectomy in Women with BRCA 1/2 Mutations: A Decision Analysis,” Journal of Clinical Oncology22, no. 6 (2004): 1045–54.

Chapter 8: Breast Cancer Screening and Detection

     1.  J. P. Kösters and P. C. Gøtzsche, “Regular Self-Examination or Clinical Examination for Early Detection of Breast Cancer,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews2 (2003).

     2.  T. Roeke et al., “The Additional Cancer Yield of Clinical Breast Examination in Screening of Women at Hereditary Increased Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment147, no. 1 (2014): 15–23.

     3.  F. D. Schwab et al., “Self-Detection and Clinical Breast Examination: Comparison of the Two ‘Classical’ Physical Examination Methods for the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer,” Breast24, no. 1 (2015): 90–92.

     4.  B. L. Sprague et al., “National Performance Benchmarks for Modern Diagnostic Digital Mammography: Update from the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium,” Radiology283, no. 1 (2017): 59–69.

     5.  S. Sayed et al., “Training Health Workers in Clinical Breast Examination for Early Detection of Breast Cancer in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries,” Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews 1 (2017).

     6.  B. C. R. Devi, T. S. Tang, and M. Corbex, “Reducing by Half the Percentage of Late-Stage Presentation for Breast and Cervix Cancer over 4 Years: A Pilot Study of Clinical Downstaging in Sarawak, Malaysia,” Annals of Oncology18, no. 7 (2007): 1172–76.

     7.  M. G. Marmot et al., “The Benefits and Harms of Breast Cancer Screening—An Independent Review: A Report Jointly Commissioned by Cancer Research UK and the Department of Health (England) October 2012,” British Journal of Cancer108, no. 11 (2013): 2205.

     8.  K. L. Kummerow et al., “Nationwide Trends in Mastectomy for Early-Stage Breast Cancer,” JAMA Surgery150 (2015): 9–16; S. T. Hawley et al., “Social and Clinical Determinants of Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy,” JAMA Surgery 149 (2014): 582–89.

     9.  C. P. McPherson, K. K. Swenson, and M. W. Lee, “The Effects of Mammographic Detection and Comorbidity on the Survival of Older Women with Breast Cancer,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society50, no. 6 (2002): 1061–68.

   10.  M. M. Eberl et al., “BI-RADS Classification for Management of Abnormal Mammograms,” Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine19, no. 2 (2006): 161–64.

   11.  P. A. Carney et al., “Individual and Combined Effects of Age, Breast Density, and Hormone Replacement Therapy Use on the Accuracy of Screening Mammography,” Annals of Internal Medicine138 (2003): 168–75.

   12.  B. L. Sprague et al., “National Performance Benchmarks for Modern Diagnostic Digital Mammography: Update from the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium,” Radiology283, no. 1 (2017): 59–69.

   13.  S. H. Taplin et al., “Reason for Late-Stage Breast Cancer: Absence of Screening or Detection, or Breakdown in Follow-Up?” Journal of the National Cancer Institute96, no. 20 (October 2004): 1518–27.

   14.  L. Tabar et al., “Mammography Service Screening and Mortality in Breast Cancer Patients: 20-Year Follow-Up Before and After Introduction of Screening,” Lancet361, no. 9367 (2003): 1405–10.

   15.  D. R. Youlden et al., “Incidence and Mortality of Female Breast Cancer in the Asia-Pacific Region,” Cancer Biology and Medicine11 (2014): 101–15.

   16.  R. A. Smith et al., “The Randomized Trials of Breast Cancer Screening: What Have We Learned?” Radiologic Clinics of North America42, no. 5 (2004): 793–806; M. Broeders et al., “The Impact of Mammographic Screening on Breast Cancer Mortality in Europe: A Review of Observational Studies,” Journal of Medical Screening19, no. 1 (2012): 14–25; Preventive Services Task Force, “Screening for Breast Cancer: Recommendations and Rationale,” Annals of Internal Medicine137 (2002): 344–46; D. A. Berry, “Benefits and Risks of Screening Mammography for Women in Their Forties: A Statistical Appraisal,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 90 (1998): 1431–39.

   17.  E. D. Pisano et al., “Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial (DMIST) Investigators Group: Diagnostic Performance of Digital Versus Film Mammography for Breast-Cancer Screening,” New England Journal of Medicine353, no. 17 (October 2005): 1773–83.

   18.  S. Ciatto et al., “Integration of 3D Digital Mammography with Tomosynthesis for Population Breast-Cancer Screening (STORM): A Prospective Comparison Study,” Lancet Oncology14 (2013): 583–89.

   19.  A. S. Tagliafico et al., “Diagnostic Performance of Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Breast28 (2016): 13–19.

   20.  E. M. Fallenberg et al., “Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography Versus MRI: Initial Results in the Detection of Breast Cancer and Assessment of Tumour Size,” European Radiology24, no. 1 (2014): 256–64.

   21.  P. A. Carney et al., “Factors Associated with Imaging and Procedural Events Used to Detect Breast Cancer After Screening Mammography,” American Journal of Roentgenology188, no. 2 (2007): 385–92.

   22.  J. G. Elmore et al., “Ten-Year Risk of False Positive Screening Mammograms and Clinical Breast Examinations,” New England Journal of Medicine338, no. 16 (April 1998): 1089–96.

   23.  S. Törnberg et al., “A Pooled Analysis of Interval Cancer Rates in Six European Countries,” European Journal of Cancer Prevention19, no. 2 (2010): 87–93.

   24.  P. A. Carney et al., “Individual and Combined Effects of Age, Breast Density, and Hormone Replacement Therapy Use on the Accuracy of Screening Mammography,” Annals of Internal Medicine138, no. 3 (2003): 168–75; T. M. Kolb, J. Lichy, and J. H. Newhouse, “Comparison of the Performance of Screening Mammography, Physical Examination, and Breast US and Evaluation of Factors That Influence Them: An Analysis of 27,825 Patient Evaluations,” Radiology225, no. 1 (2002): 165–75.

   25.  S. S. K. Tang and G. P. H. Gui, “A Review of the Oncologic and Surgical Management of Breast Cancer in the Augmented Breast: Diagnostic, Surgical and Surveillance Challenges,” Annals of Surgical Oncology18, no. 8 (2011): 2173–81.

   26.  M. J. Yaffe and J. G. Mainprize, “Risk of Radiation-Induced Breast Cancer from Mammographic Screening 1,” Radiology258, no. 1 (2011): 98–105.

   27.  L. M. Warren, D. R. Dance, and K. C. Young, “Radiation Risk of Breast Screening in England with Digital Mammography,”British Journal of Radiology89 (November 2016): 1067; D. L. Miglioretti et al., “Radiation-Induced Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality from Digital Mammography Screening: A Modeling Study,” Annals of Internal Medicine164, no. 4 (2016): 205–14.

   28.  “Patient Safety: Radiation Dose in X-Ray and CT Exams,” RadiologyInfo.org, updated February 8, 2017, https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=safety​-xray.

   29.  “Patient Safety: Radiation Dose in X-Ray and CT Exams,” RadiologyInfo.org, updated February 8, 2017, https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?​pg=safety-xray.

   30.  C. H. C. Drossaert, H. Boer, and E. R. Seydel, “Monitoring Women’s Experiences During Three Rounds of Breast Cancer Screening: Results from a Longitudinal Study,” Journal of Medical Screening9, no. 4 (2002): 168–75.

   31.  US Preventive Services Task Force, “Screening for Breast Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement,” Annals of Internal Medicine151, no. 10 (2009): 716.

   32.  L. M. Schwartz et al., “US Women’s Attitudes to False Positive Mammography Results and Detection of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Cross Sectional Survey,” British Medical Journal 320, no. 7250 (2000): 1635–40.

   33.  E. K. Arleo et al., “Comparison of Recommendations for Screening Mammography Using CISNET Models,” Cancer123, no. 19 (October 2017): 3673–80.

   34.  A. S. Tagliafico et al., “Adjunct Screening with Tomosynthesis or Ultrasound in Women with Mammography-Negative Dense Breasts: Interim Report of a Prospective Comparative Trial,” Journal of Clinical Oncology34, no. 16 (2016): 1882–88.

   35.  F. Sardanelli et al., “Multicenter Surveillance of Women at High Genetic Breast Cancer Risk Using Mammography, Ultrasonography, and Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (the High Breast Cancer Risk Italian 1 Study): Final Results,” Investigative Radiology46, no. 2 (2011): 94–105.

   36.  M. E. Brennan et al., “Magnetic Resonance Imaging Screening of the Contralateral Breast in Women with Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Incremental Cancer Detection and Impact on Surgical Management,” Journal of Clinical Oncology27, no. 33 (2009): 5640–49.

   37.  M. Kriege et al., “Efficacy of MRI and Mammography for Breast-Cancer Screening in Women with a Familial or Genetic Predisposition,” New England Journal of Medicine351, no. 5 (2004): 427–37.

   38.  C. D. Lehman, “Clinical Indications: What Is the Evidence?” European Journal of Radiology81 (2012): S82–S84.

   39.  N. Houssami, R. Turner, and M. Morrow, “Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Breast Cancer: Meta-analysis of Surgical Outcomes,” Annals of Surgery257, no. 2 (2013): 249–55.

   40.  M. Morrow, J. Waters, and E. Morris, “MRI for Breast Cancer Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment,” Lancet378, no. 9805 (2011): 1804–11.

   41.  National Comprehensive Cancer Network, “Guidelines for Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis,” http://www.NCCN.org.

   42.  C. C. Riedl et al., “Triple-Modality Screening Trial for Familial Breast Cancer Underlines the Importance of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Questions the Role of Mammography and Ultrasound Regardless of Patient Mutation Status, Age, and Breast Density,” Journal of Clinical Oncology33, no. 10 (2015): 1128–35.

   43.  E. M. Fallenberg et al., “Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography versus MRI: Initial Results in the Detection of Breast Cancer and Assessment of Tumour Size,” European Radiology24, no. 1 (2014): 256–64.

   44.  US Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA Evaluating the Risk of Brain Deposits with Repeated Use of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI),” FDA.gov, accessed August 27, 2017, http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm455386.htm.

   45.  J. Hermans, “The Value of Aspiration Cytologic Examination of the Breast: A Statistical Review of the Medical Literature,” Cancer69, no. 8 (April 1992): 2104–10; F. O’Malley et al., “Clinical Correlates of False-Negative Fine Needle Aspirations of the Breast in a Consecutive Series of 1,005 Patients,” Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics176, no. 4 (April 1993): 360–64; N. J. Wollenberg et al., “Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of the Breast: A Review of 321 Cases with Statistical Evaluation,” Acta Cytologica29 (1985): 425–29.

   46.  P. Crystal et al., “Accuracy of Sonographically Guided 14-Gauge Core-Needle Biopsy: Results of 715 Consecutive Breast Biopsies with at Least Two-Year Follow-Up of Benign Lesions,” Journal of Clinical Ultrasound33, no. 2 (February 2005): 47–52; M. Memarsadeghi et al., “Value of 14-Gauge Ultrasound-Guided Large-Core Needle Biopsy of Breast Lesions: Own Results in Comparison with the Literature,” RoFo175, no. 3 (March 2003): 374–80; J. M. Schoonjans and R. F. Brem, “Fourteen-Gauge Ultrasonographically Guided Large-Core Needle Biopsy of Breast Masses,” Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 20, no. 9 (September 2001): 967–72; D. N. Smith et al., “The Utility of Ultrasonographically Guided Large-Core Needle Biopsy: Results from 500 Consecutive Breast Biopsies,” Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine20, no. 1 (January 2001): 43–49.

   47.  C. F. Loughran and C. R. Keeling, “Seeding of Tumour Cells Following Breast Biopsy: A Literature Review,” British Journal of Radiology84, no. 1006 (2011): 869–74.

   48.  L. E. Hoorntje et al., “Tumour Cell Displacement after 14G Breast Biopsy,” European Journal of Surgical Oncology30, no. 5 (June 2004): 520–25.

   49.  C. Peters-Engl et al., “The Impact of Preoperative Breast Biopsy on the Risk of Sentinel Lymph Node Metastases: Analysis of 2502 Cases from the Austrian Sentinel Node Biopsy Study Group,” British Journal of Cancer91, no. 10 (October 2004): 1782–86.

   50.  N. M. Diaz, J. R. Mayes, and V. Vrcel, “Breast Epithelial Cells in Dermal Angiolymphatic Spaces: A Manifestation of Benign Mechanical Transport,” Human Pathology36 (2005): 310–13; I. J. Bleiweiss, C. S. Nagi, and S. Jaffer, “Axillary Sentinel Lymph Nodes Can Be Falsely Positive Due to Iatrogenic Displacement and Transport of Benign Epithelial Cells in Patients with Breast Carcinoma,” Journal of Clinical Oncology24, no. 13 (2006): 2013–18.

   51.  T. P. Butler and P. M. Gullino, “Quantitation of Cell Shedding into Efferent Blood of Mammary Adenocarcinoma,” Cancer Research35, no. 3 (1975): 512–16.

   52.  M. Silverstein, “Where’s the Outrage?” Journal of the American College of Surgeons208, no. 1 (January 2009): 78–79.

   53.  L. G. Gutwein et al., “Utilization of Minimally Invasive Breast Biopsy for the Evaluation of Suspicious Breast Lesions,” American Journal of Surgery202, no. 2 (2011): 127–32.

   54.  W. Bruening, K. Schoelles, and J. Treadwell, “Comparative Effectiveness of Core-Needle Biopsies and Open Surgical Biopsy for the Diagnosis of Breast Lesions” (Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2009).

   55.  W. Bruening, K. Schoelles, and J. Treadwell, “Comparative Effectiveness of Core-Needle Biopsies and Open Surgical Biopsy for the Diagnosis of Breast Lesions” (Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2009).

   56.  C. Conry, “Evaluation of a Breast Complaint: Is It Cancer?” American Family Physician49 (1994): 445–50, 453–54.

   57.  G. Fariselli et al., “Localized Mastalgia as Presenting Symptom in Breast Cancer,” European Journal of Surgical Oncology14 (1988): 213–15; F. Lumachi et al., “Breast Complaints and Risk of Breast Cancer: Population-Based Study of 2,879 Self-Selected Women and Long-Term Follow-Up,” Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy56 (2002): 88–92; National Breast Cancer Centre, “The Investigation of a New Breast Symptom: A Guide for General Practitioners,” Cancer Australia, last updated October 23 2017, https://canceraustralia.gov.au/publications-and-resources/cancer-australia​-publications/investigation-new-breast-symptom​-guide​-general​-practitioners.

   58.  M. M. Koo et al., “Typical and Atypical Presenting Symptoms of Breast Cancer and Their Associations with Diagnostic Intervals: Evidence from a National Audit of Cancer Diagnosis,” Cancer Epidemiology48 (May 2017): 140–46.

   59.  J. N. Clegg-Lamptey et al., “Breast Cancer Risk in Patients with Breast Pain in Accra, Ghana,” East African Medical Journal84, no. 5 (May 2007): 215–18.

   60.  B. A. Ayoade, A. O. Tade, and B. A. Salami, “Clinical Features and Pattern of Presentation of Breast Diseases in Surgical Outpatient Clinic of a Suburban Tertiary Hospital in South-West Nigeria,” Nigerian Journal of Surgery : Official Publication of the Nigerian Surgical Research Society18, no. 1 (2012): 13–16.

   61.  D. N. Ader and M. W. Browne, “Prevalence and Impact of Cyclic Mastalgia in a United States Clinic-Based Sample,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology177, no. 1 (1997): 126–32.

   62.  M. B. Barton, J. G. Elmore, and S. W. Fletcher, “Breast Symptoms Among Women Enrolled in a Health Maintenance Organization: Frequency, Evaluation, and Outcome,” Annals of Internal Medicine130, no. 8(1999): 651–57.

   63.  E. L. Davies et al., “The Long-Term Course of Mastalgia,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine91, no. 9 (1998): 462–64.

   64.  R. L. Smith, S. Pruthi, and L. A. Fitzpatrick, “Evaluation and Management of Breast Pain,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings79, no. 3. (2004): 353–72.

   65.  “Klimberg Versus Etiology and Management of Breast Pain,” in Diseases of the Breast, J. R. Harris et al., eds., (Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996), 99–106.

   66.  N. L. Pashby et al., “A Clinical Trial of Evening Primrose Oil in Mastalgia [abstract],” British Journal of Surgery68 (1981): 801; P. E. Preece et al., “Evening Primrose Oil (Efamol) for Mastalgia,” Clinical Uses of Essential Fatty Acids, D. F. Horrobin, ed., (Montreal, Quebec: Eden Press, 1982), 147–54; D. F. Horrobin, “The Role of Essential Fatty Acids and Prostaglandins in the Premenstrual Syndrome,” Journal of Reproductive Medicine28, no. 7 (1983): 465–68;  C. A. Gateley et al., “Plasma Fatty Acid Profiles in Benign Breast Disorders,” British Journal of Surgery79 (1992): 407–9.

   67.  S. Pruthi et al., “Vitamin E and Evening Primrose Oil for Management of Cyclical Mastalgia: A Randomized Pilot Study,” Alternative Medicine Review15, no. 1 (2010): 59.

   68.  E. G. Loch, H. Selle, and N. Boblitz, “Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome with a Phytopharmaceutical Formulation Containing Vitex Agnus Castus,” Journal of Women’s Health and Gender-Based Medicine9, no. 3 (2000): 315–20.

   69.  A. Cassidy, S. Bingham, and K. D. Setchell, “Biological Effects of a Diet of Soy Protein Rich in Isoflavones on the Menstrual Cycle of Premenopausal Women,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60 (1994): 333–40.

   70.  C. Nagata et al., “Decreased Serum Estradiol Concentration Associated with High Dietary Intake of Soy Products in Premenopausal Japanese Women,” Nutrition and Cancer 29, no. 3 (1997): 228–33.

   71.  N. F. Boyd et al., “Effect of a Low-Fat High-Carbohydrate Diet on Symptoms of Cyclical Mastopathy,” Lancet 2, no. 8603 (1988): 128–32; P. J. Goodwin et al., “Elevated High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Dietary Fat Intake in Women with Cyclic Mastopathy,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology179, no. 2 (1998): 430–37.

   72.  N. F. Boyd et al., “Canadian Diet and Breast Cancer Prevention Study Group: Effects at Two Years of a Low-Fat, High-Carbohydrate Diet on Radiologic Features of the Breast: Results from a Randomized Trial,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute89, no. 7 (1997): 488–96.

   73.  J. P. Minton et al., “Clinical and Biochemical Studies on Methylxanthine-Related Fibrocystic Breast Disease,” Surgery90 (1981): 299–304; B. Bullough, M. Hindey-Alexander, H. Fetou, “Methylxanthines and Fibrocystic Breast Disease: A Study of Correlations,” Nurse Practitioner15 (1990): 36; J. P. Minton and H. Abou-Issa, “Nonendocrine Theories of Etiology of Benign Breast Disease,” World Journal of Surgery1989; 13: 680–84.

   74.  L. M. Dickerson, P. J. Mazyck, and M. H. Hunter, “Premenstrual Syndrome,” American Family Physician67, no. 8 (2003): 1743–52; P. W. Budoff, “The Use of Prostaglandin Inhibitors for the Premenstrual Syndrome,” The Journal of Reproductive Medicine28, no. 7 (1983): 469–78.

   75.  H. Fox et al., “Are Patients with Mastalgia Anxious, and Does Relaxation Therapy Help?” Breast6, no. 3 (1997): 138–42; L. Thicke et al., “Acupuncture for Treatment of Noncyclic Breast Pain: A Pilot Study,” American Journal of Chinese Medicine39, no. 6 (2011): 1117–29; S. Colegrave, C. Holcombe, P. Salmon, “Psychological Characteristics of Women Presenting with Breast Pain,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research50, no. 6 (2001): 303–7; A. A. Wren et al., “Yoga for Persistent Pain: New Findings and Directions for an Ancient Practice,” Pain152, no. 3 (2011): 477; F. Zeidan et al., “Mindfulness Meditation–Related Pain Relief: Evidence for Unique Brain Mechanisms in the Regulation of Pain,” Neuroscience Letters520, no. 2 (2012): 165–73.

   76.  M. C. Wilson and R. A. Sellwood, “Therapeutic Value of a Supporting Brassiere in Mastodynia,” BMJ 2, no. 6027 (1976): 90; B. R. Mason, K. A. Page, and K. Fallon, “An Analysis of Movement and Discomfort of the Female Breast During Exercise and the Effects of Breast Support in Three Cases,” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport2, no. 2 (1999): 134–44.

   77.  M. D. Sullivan, J. A. Turner, and J. Romano, “Chronic Pain in Primary Care: Identification and Management of Psychosocial Factors,” Journal of Family Practice32, no. 2 (1991): 193–99.

   78.  A. D. Irving and S. L. Morrison, “Effectiveness of Topical Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in the Management of Breast Pain,” Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh43, no. 3 (1998): 158–59; G. Gabbrielli et al., “Nimesulide in the Treatment of Mastalgia,” Drugs46, suppl. 1 (1993): 137–39.

   79.  L. E. Hughes et al., Benign Disorders and Diseases of the Breast(London: WB Saunders, 2000).

   80.  A. N. Hussain, C. Policarpio, and M. T. Vincent, “Evaluating Nipple Discharge,” Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey61, no. 4 (April 2006): 278–83.

   81.  H. Gülay et al., “Management of Nipple Discharge,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons178, no. 5 (1994): 471–74.

   82.  J. E. Devitt, “Management of Nipple Discharge by Clinical Findings,” American Journal of Surgery149, no. 6 (1985): 789–92.

   83.  V. J. Harris and V. P. Jackson, “Indications for Breast Imaging in Women Under Age 35 Years,” Radiology172 (1989): 445–48; M. Morrow, S. Wong, and L. Venta, “The Evaluation of Breast Masses in Women Younger than Forty Years of Age,” Surgery124 (1998): 634–40.

   84.  F. M. Hall et al., “Nonpalpable Breast Lesions: Recommendations for Biopsy Based on Suspicion of Carcinoma at Mammography,” Radiology167 (1988): 353–58; P. Crone et al., “The Predictive Value of Three Diagnostic Procedures in the Evaluation of Palpable Breast Tumours,” Ovid Healthstar Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae73, no. 5 (1984): 273–76.

   85.  S. V. Hilton et al., “Real-Time Breast Sonography: Application in 300 Consecutive Patients,” American Journal of Roentgenology147, no. 3 (September 1986): 479–86.

   86.  W. A. Berg et al., “Cystic Breast Masses and the ACRIN 6666 Experience,” Radiologic Clinics of North America48, no. 5 (2010): 931–87.

   87.  R. J. Brenner et al., “Spontaneous Regression of Interval Benign Cysts of the Breast,” Radiology193, no. 2 (1994): 365–68.

   88.  C. P. Daly et al., “Complicated Breast Cysts on Sonography: Is Aspiration Necessary to Exclude Malignancy?” Academic Radiology15, no. 5 (2008): 610–17; Y. W. Chang et al., “Sonographic Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Cystic Lesions of the Breast,” Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine26, no. 1 (2007): 47–53; W. Berg, C. Campassi, and O. Ioffe, “Cystic Lesions of the Breast: Sonographic-Pathologic Correlation,” Radiology227, no. 1 (2003): 183–91.

   89.  R. J. Santen and R. Mansel, “Benign Breast Disorders,” New England Journal of Medicine353 (2005): 275.

   90.  A. D. DiVasta, C. Weldon, and B. I. Labow, “The Breast: Examination and Lesions,” in Goldstein’s Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 6th ed., ed. L. Emans and M. R. Laufer (Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2012), 405.

   91.  Y. Jayasinghe and P. S. Simmons, “Fibroadenomas in Adolescence,” Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology21, no. 5 (October 2009): 402.

   92.  J. A. Harvey et al., “Short-Term Follow-Up of Palpable Breast Lesions with Benign Imaging Features: Evaluation of 375 Lesions in 320 Women,” American Journal of Roentgenology193, no. 6 (December 2009): 1723.

   93.  D. M. Dent and P. J. Cant, “Fibroadenoma,” World Journal of Surgery13, no. 6 (November–December 1989): 706–10.

   94.  L. Deschênes et al., “Beware of Breast Fibroadenomas in Middle-Aged Women,” Canadian Journal of Surgery28, no. 4 (July 1985): 372–74; K. Guzanowski-Konakry, E. G. Harrison Jr., and W. S. Payne, “Lobular Carcinoma Arising in Fibroadenoma of the Breast,” Cancer 35, no. 2 (February 1975): 450–56.

   95.  P. J. Littrup et al., “Cryotherapy for Breast Fibroadenomas,” Radiology234, no. 1 (January 2005): 63–72; C. S. Kaufman et al., “Office-Based Ultrasound-Guided Cryoablation of Breast Fibroadenomas,” American Journal of Surgery 184, no. 5 (November 2002): 394–400; I. Grady, H. Gorsuch, and S. Wilburn-Bailey, “Long-Term Outcome of Benign Fibroadenomas Treated by Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Excision,” Breast Journal14 (2008): 275–78.

   96.  C. S. Kaufman et al., “Office-Based Cryoablation of Breast Fibroadenomas: 12-Month Follow-Up,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons198, no. 6 (2004): 914–23.

   97.  O. Kenneth Macdonald et al., “Malignant Phyllodes Tumor of the Female Breast,” Cancer107, no. 9 (2006): 2127–33.

   98.  F. A. Tavassoli and P. Devilee, eds., Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs(Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2003).

   99.  M. F. Dillon et al., “Needle Core Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Phyllodes Neoplasm,” Surgery140, no. 5 (2006): 779–84; A. H. Lee, “Recent Developments in the Histological Diagnosis of Spindle Cell Carcinoma, Fibromatosis and Phyllodes Tumour of the Breast,” Histopathology52, no. 1 (January 2008): 45–57; A. H. Lee et al., “Histological Features Useful in the Distinction of Phyllodes Tumour and Fibroadenoma on Needle Core Biopsy of the Breast,” Histopathology51, no. 3 (September 2007): 336.

100.  R. J. Barth Jr. et al., “A Prospective, Multi-institutional Study of Adjuvant Radiotherapy After Resection of Malignant Phyllodes Tumors,” Annals of Surgical Oncology 16, no. 8 (August 2009): 2288–94; M. L. Telli et al., “Phyllodes Tumors of the Breast: Natural History, Diagnosis, and Treatment,” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 5, no. 3 (March 2007): 324–30.

101.  M. S. Lenhard et al., “Phyllodes Tumour of the Breast: Clinical Follow-Up of 33 Cases of This Rare Disease,” European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 138, no. 2 (2008): 217–21.

102.  J. Hoon Yu et al., “Breast Diseases During Pregnancy and Lactation,” Obstetrics & Gynecology Science56, no. 3 (2013): 143–59.

103.  M. S. Soo et al., “Tubular Adenomas of the Breast Imaging Findings with Histologic Correlation,” American Journal of Roentgenology174, no. 3 (2000): 757–61; M. Guray and A. A. Sahin, “Benign Breast Diseases: Classification, Diagnosis, and Management,” Oncologist11, no. 5 (May 2006): 435–49.

104.  W. L. Donegan, “Common Benign Conditions of the Breast,” in Cancer of the Breast, 5th ed., W. L. Donegan and J. S. Spratt (St. Louis: Saunders, 2002): 67–110; A. D. Montemarano, P. Sau, and W. D. James, “Superficial Papillary Adenomatosis of the Nipple: A Case Report and Review of the Literature,” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology33 (1995): 871–75.

105.  S. Jaffer, I. J. Bleiweiss, and C. Nagi, “Incidental Intraductal Papillomas (< 2 mm) of the Breast Diagnosed on Needle Core Biopsy Do Not Need to Be Excised,”Breast Journal19, no. 2 (2013): 130–33.

106.  M. K. Sydnor et al., “Underestimation of the Presence of Breast Carcinoma in Papillary Lesions Initially Diagnosed at Core-Needle Biopsy,” Radiology242, no. 1 (2007):
58–62.

107.  M. S. Soo, P. J. Kornguth, and B. S. Hertzberg, “Fat Necrosis in the Breast: Sonographic Features,” Radiology206, no. 1 (January 1998): 261–69.

108.  C. de Blacam et al., “Evaluation of Clinical Outcomes and Aesthetic Results after Autologous Fat Grafting for Contour Deformities of the Reconstructed Breast,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery128, no. 5 (2011): 411e–18e.

109.  B. Erguvan-Dogan and W. T. Yang, “Direct Injection of Paraffin into the Breast: Mammographic, Sonographic, and MRI Features of Early Complications,” American Journal of Roentgenology186, no. 3 (March 2006): 888–94.

110.  S. Majedah, I. Alhabshi, and S. Salim, “Granulomatous Reaction Secondary to Intramammary Silicone Injection,” BMJ Case Reports2013(February 2013).

111.  R. Lewin et al., “Risk Factors for Complications After Breast Reduction Surgery,” Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery 48, no. 1 (2014): 10–14.

112.  I. J. Wagner, W. M. Tong, and E. G. Halvorson, “A Classification System for Fat Necrosis in Autologous Breast Reconstruction,” Annals of Plastic Surgery 70, no. 5 (2013): 553–56.

113.  F. Meric et al., “Long-Term Complications Associated with Breast-Conservation Surgery and Radiotherapy,” Annals of Surgical Oncology9, no. 6 (July 2002): 543–49; M. D. Piroth et al., “Fat Necrosis and Parenchymal Scarring after Breast-Conserving Surgery and Radiotherapy with an Intraoperative Electron or Fractionated, Percutaneous Boost: A Retrospective Comparison,” Breast Cancer 21, no. 4 (2004): 409–14.

114.  L. H. Amir et al., “Incidence of Breast Abscess in Lactating Women: Report from an Australian Cohort,” BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology111, no. 12 (2004): 1378–81.

115.  A. Bharat et al., “Predictors of Primary Breast Abscesses and Recurrence,” World Journal of Surgery33, no. 12 (December 2009): 2582–86.

116.  J. D. Berna-Serna and M. Madrigal, “Percutaneous Management of Breast Abscesses. An Experience of 39 Cases,” Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology30, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–6.

117.  J. P. Wilson et al., “Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: In Search of a Therapeutic Paradigm,” American Journal of Surgery73 (2007): 798–802.

118.  W. S. Symmers, “Silicone Mastitis in ‘Topless’ Waitresses and Some Other Varieties of Foreign-Body Mastitis,” British Medical Journal3, no. 5609 (1968): 19–22.

119.  M. E. Bouton et al., “Management of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis with Observation,” American Journal of Surgery210 (2015): 258.

120.  S. Imoto et al., “Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: Case Report and Review of the Literature,” Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology27, no. 4 (August 1997): 274–77; A. Krause, B. Gerber, and E. Rhode, “Puerperal and Non-puerperal Mastitis,” Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie116, no. 8 (1994): 488–91; S. Akbulut et al., “Is Methotrexate an Acceptable Treatment in the Management of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis?” Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics284, no. 5 (2011): 1189–95.

121.  K. P. Hunfeld and R. Bassler, “Lymphocytic Mastitis and Fibrosis of the Breast in Long-Standing Insulin-Dependent Diabetics,” General and Diagnostic Pathology143, no. 1 (July 1997): 49–58.

122.  W. W. Logan and N. Y. Hoffman, “Diabetic Fibrous Breast Disease,” Radiology172, no. 3 (1989): 667–70.

123.  G. M. K. Tse et al., “Hamartoma of the Breast: A Clinicopathological Review,” Journal of Clinical Pathology55, no. 12 (2002): 951–54.

124.  G. M. Tse et al., “Ductal Carcinoma in Situ Arising in Mammary Hamartomas,” Journal of Clinical Pathology 55 (2002): 541–42; M. Herbert et al., “Breast Hamartomas: Clinicopathological and Immunohistochemical Studies of 24 Cases,” Histopathology41 (2002): 30–34.

125.  R. Salvador et al., “Pseudo-angiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia Presenting as a Breast Mass: Imaging Findings in Three Patients,” Breast13, no. 5 (2004): 431–35.

126.  C. L. Mercado et al., “Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia of the Breast: Sonographic Features with Histopathologic Correlation,” Breast Journal 10, no. 5 (2004): 427–32; S. D. Raj et al., “Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia of the Breast: Multimodality Review with Pathologic Correlation,” Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology46, no. 2 (2017): 130–35.

127.  L. Celliers, D. D. Wong, and A. Bourke, “Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia: A Study of the Mammographic and Sonographic Features,” Clinical Radiology65, no. 2 (2010): 145–49.

128.  G. C. Hargaden et al., “Analysis of the Mammographic and Sonographic Features of Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia,” American Journal of Roentgenology191, no. 2 (2008): 359–63.

129.  A. C. Degnim et al., “Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia and Breast Cancer Risk,” Annals of Surgical Oncology17, no. 12 (2010): 3269–77.

130.  E. E. Lower, H. H. Hawkins, and R. P. Baughman, “Breast Disease in Sarcoidosis,” Sarcoidosis, Vasculitis, and Diffuse Lung Diseases: Official Journal of World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders18, no. 3 (2001): 301–6.

131.  P. P. Rosen, Breast Pathology, 3rd Edition(Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009).

Chapter 9: Cancer Happens: A Newly Diagnosed Starter Kit

     1.  C. I. Li, D. J. Uribe, and J. R. Daling, “Clinical Characteristics of Different Histologic Types of Breast Cancer,” British Journal of Cancer93, no. 9 (2005): 1046–52.

     2.  A. Bane, “Ductal Carcinoma In Situ:What the Pathologist Needs to Know and Why,” International Journal of Breast Cancer2013 (2013).

     3.  M. E. Sanders et al., “Continued Observation of the Natural History of Low-Grade Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Reaffirms Proclivity for Local Recurrence Even After More than 30 Years of Follow Up,” Modern Pathology: An Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc.28, no. 5 (May 2015): 662–69.

     4.  S. A. Lari and H. M. Kuerer, “Biological Markers in DCIS and Risk of Breast Recurrence: A Systematic Review,” Journal of Cancer2 (2011): 232–61.

     5.  National Comprehensive Cancer Network, “NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Breast Cancer,” http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf​/breast.pdf.

     6.  B. C. Pestalozzi et al., “Distinct Clinical and Prognostic Features of Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast: Combined Results of 15 International Breast Cancer Study Group Clinical Trials,” Journal of Clinical Oncology26, no. 18 (2008): 3006–14.

     7.  N. Wasif et al., “Invasive Lobular vs. Ductal Breast Cancer: A Stage-Matched Comparison of Outcomes,” Annals of Surgical Oncology17, no. 7 (2010): 1862–69; J. G.Molland et al., “Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma—A Comparison of Diagnosis, Management and Outcome with Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma,” Breast13, no. 5 (2004): 389–96.

     8.  I. Jatoi et al., “Breast Cancer Adjuvant Therapy: Time to Consider Its Time-Dependent Effects,” Journal of Clinical Oncology29, no. 17 (2011): 2301–4.

     9.  K. Wu et al., “Meta-analysis on the Association Between Pathologic Complete Response and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy,” World Journal of Surgical Oncology12, no. 1 (2014): 95.

   10.  C. Liedtke et al., “Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy and Long-Term Survival in Patients with Triple-Negative Breast Cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology26, no. 8 (2008): 1275–81.

   11.  P. Cortazar et al., “Pathological Complete Response and Long-Term Clinical Benefit in Breast Cancer: The CTNeoBC Pooled Analysis,” Lancet384, no. 9938 (2014): 164–72.

   12.  C. E. DeSantis et al., “Breast Cancer Statistics, 2015: Convergence of Incidence Rates Between Black and White Women,” CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians66, no. 1 (2016): 31–42; B. A. Kohler et al., “Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975–2011: Featuring Incidence of Breast Cancer Subtypes by Race/Ethnicity, Poverty, and State,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute107, no. 6 (2015): djv048; R. M. Amimi et al., “Traditional Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Relation to Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment131 (2012): 159–67.

   13.  K. C. Aalders et al., “Characterisation of Multifocal Breast Cancer Using the 70-Gene Signature in Clinical Low-Risk Patients Enrolled in the EORTC 10041/BIG 03–04 MINDACT Trial,” European Journal of Cancer79 (2017): 98–105; J. A.Sparano et al., “Prospective Validation of a 21-Gene Expression Assay in Breast Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine373, no. 21 (2015): 2005–14.

   14.  J. Iqbal et al., “Differences in Breast Cancer Stage at Diagnosis and Cancer-Specific Survival by Race and Ethnicity in the United States,” Journal of the American Medical Association 313, no. 2 (2015): 165–73; “Breast Cancer Survival Rates,” American Cancer Society, last revised December 20, 2017, http://www.cancer.org/cancer​/breastcancer/detailedguide/breast-cancer-survival-by-stage.

   15.  American Cancer Society, Global Cancer Facts & Figures,3rd ed. (Atlanta: American Cancer Society, 2015), accessed September 23, 2017, https://www.cancer​.org/content​/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/global-cancer-facts​-and-figures​/global-cancer-facts-and-figures-3rd-edition.pdf.

   16.  A. M. Soto et al., “Does Breast Cancer Start in the Womb?” Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology102, no. 2 (2008): 125–33.

   17.  P. G. M. Peer et al., “Age-Dependent Growth Rate of Primary Breast Cancer,” Cancer 71 (1993): 3547–51.

   18.  U. Del Monte, “Does the Cell Number 109 Still Really Fit One Gram of Tumor Tissue?” Cell Cycle8, no. 3 (2009): 505–6.

   19.  H. G. Welch and W. C. Black, “Using Autopsy Series to Estimate the Disease ‘Reservoir’ for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast: How Much More Breast Cancer Can We Find?” Annals of Internal Medicine127, no. 11 (1997): 1023–28.

   20.  P. H. Zahl, P. C. Gøtzsche, and J. Mæhlen, “Natural History of Breast Cancers Detected in the Swedish Mammography Screening Programme: A Cohort Study,” Lancet Oncology12, no. 12 (2011): 1118–24.

   21.  K. D. Miller et al., “Cancer Treatment and Survivorship Statistics,” CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians66 (2016): 271–89.

   22.  N. Howlader et al., SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2012(Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 2015), http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2012.

   23.  D. A. Berry et al., “Effect of Screening and Adjuvant Therapy on Mortality from Breast Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine353 (2005): 1784–92.

   24.  F. Cardoso et al., “70-Gene Signature as an Aid to Treatment Decisions in Early-Stage Breast Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine375, no. 8 (2016): 717–29.

   25.  R. J. Simes and A. S. Coates, “Patient Preferences for Adjuvant Chemotherapy of Early Breast Cancer: How Much Benefit Is Needed?” JNCI Monographs2001, no. 30 (2001): 146–52.

   26.  “Dose-Dense Chemotherapy Improves Outcomes in Breast Cancer,” Medscape, accessed December 9, 2017, https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/889697?​nlid=​119488_2202.

   27.  E. L. Mayer, “Early and Late Long-Term Effects of Adjuvant Chemotherapy,” inAmerican Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book 2013 (Houston, TX: ASCO University, 2013), 9–14, https://meetinglibrary.asco.org/record/78715/edbook.

   28.  I. F. Tannock et al., “Cognitive Impairment Associated with Chemotherapy for Cancer: Report of a Workshop,” Journal of Clinical Oncology22, no. 11 (2004): 2233–39.

   29.  V. Fuchs-Tarlovsky, “Role of Antioxidants in Cancer Therapy,” Nutrition29, no. 1 (2013): 15–21.

   30.  M. G. Marmot et al., “The Benefits and Harms of Breast Cancer Screening: An Independent Review: A Report Jointly Commissioned by Cancer Research UK and the Department of Health (England), October 2012,” British Journal of Cancer108, no. 11 (2013): 2205–40.

   31.  J. A. van der Hage et al, “Preoperative Chemotherapy in Primary Operable Breast Cancer: Results from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Trial,” Journal of Clinical Oncology19, no. 22 (2001): 4224–37.

   32.  A. F. Schott and D. F. Hayes, “Defining the Benefits of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15 (May 2012): 1747–49.

   33.  M. Chavez-MacGregor et al., “Delayed Initiation of Adjuvant Chemotherapy Among Patients with Breast Cancer,” JAMA Oncology2, no. 3 (2016): 322–29.

   34.  B. Fisher et al., “Eight-Year Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Total Mastectomy and Lumpectomy with or Without Irradiation in the Treatment of Breast Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine 320 (1989): 822–28; D. Sarrazin et al., “Conservative Treatment Versus Mastectomy in Breast Cancer Tumors with Macroscopic Diameter of 20 Millimeters or Less: The Experience of the Institut Gustave-Roussy,” Cancer53 (1984): 1209–13; U. Veronesi et al., “Breast Conservation Is the Treatment of Choice in Small Breast Cancer: Long-Term Results of a Randomized Trial,” European Journal of Cancer26 (1990): 668–70; J. A. van Dongen et al., “Randomized Clinical Trial to Assess the Value of Breast-Conserving Therapy in Stage I and II Breast Cancer, EORTC 10801 Trial,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monograms11 (1992): 8–15; M. Blichert-Toft et al., “Danish Randomized Trial Comparing Breast Conservation Therapy with Mastectomy: Six Years of Life-Table Analysis. Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monograms11 (1992): 19–25; K. Straus et al., “Results of the National Cancer Institute Early Breast Cancer Trial,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monograms27 (1992): 11–32.

   35.  Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group, “Effects of Radiotherapy and of Differences in the Extent of Surgery for Early Breast Cancer on Local Recurrence and 15-Year Survival: An Overview of the Randomised Trials,” Lancet366, no. 9503 (2006): 2087–2106.

   36.  B. Fisher et al., “Twenty-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Trial Comparing Total Mastectomy, Lumpectomy, and Lumpectomy Plus Irradiation for the Treatment of Invasive Breast Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine347, no. 16 (2002): 1233–41; J. A. van Dongen et al., “Long-Term Results of a Randomized Trial Comparing Breast-Conserving Therapy with Mastectomy: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Trial,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute92 (2000): 1143–50; J. A. Jacobson et al., “Ten-Year Results of a Comparison of Conservation with Mastectomy in the Treatment of Stage I and II Breast Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine332 (1995): 907–11; A. D. Morris et al., “Breast-Conserving Therapy vs Mastectomy in Early-Stage Breast Cancer: A Meta-analysis of 10-Year Survival,” Cancer Journal from Scientific American3 (1997): 6–12; M. M. Poggi et al., “Eighteen‐Year Results in the Treatment of Early Breast Carcinoma
with Mastectomy Versus Breast Conservation Therapy,” Cancer98, no. 4 (2003):
697–702.

   37.  A. P. Kiess et al., “Adjuvant Trastuzumab Reduces Locoregional Recurrence in Women Who Receive Breast‐Conservation Therapy for Lymph Node‐Negative, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2‐Positive Breast Cancer,” Cancer118, no. 8 (2012): 1982–88.

   38.  P. L. Nguyen et al., “Breast Cancer Subtype Approximated by Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and HER-2 Is Associated with Local and Distant Recurrence After Breast-Conserving Therapy,” Journal of Clinical Oncology26, no. 14 (2008): 2373–78.

   39.  J. Canavan et al., “Local Recurrence in Women with Stage I Breast Cancer: Declining Rates over Time in a Large, Population-Based Cohort,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology * Physics88, no. 1 (2014): 80–86.

   40.  N. Houssami et al., “The Association of Surgical Margins and Local Recurrence in Women with Early-Stage Invasive Breast Cancer Treated with Breast-Conserving Therapy: A Meta-analysis,” Annals of Surgical Oncology 21, no. 3 (2014): 717–30.

   41.  G. M. Freedman and B. L. Fowble, “Local Recurrence After Mastectomy or Breast-​Conserving Surgery and Radiation,” Oncology-Huntington14, no. 11 (2000): 1561–80.

   42.  N. Houssami et al., “Meta-analysis of the Impact of Surgical Margins on Local Recurrence in Women with Early-Stage Invasive Breast Cancer Treated with Breast-Conserving Therapy,” European Journal of Cancer46, no. 18 (2010): 3219–32; O. Gentilini et al., “Conservative Surgery in Patients with Multifocal/Multicentric Breast Cancer,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 113, no. 3 (2009): 577–83; G. M. Freedman and B. L. Fowble, “Local Recurrence After Mastectomy or Breast-Conserving Surgery and Radiation,” Oncology-Huntington14, no. 11 (2000): 1561–80; A. C. Voogd et al., “Differences in Risk Factors for Local and Distant Recurrence After Breast-Conserving Therapy or Mastectomy for Stage I and II Breast Cancer: Pooled Results of Two Large European Randomized Trials,” Journal of Clinical Oncology19, no. 6 (2001): 1688–97; I. L. Wapnir et al., “Prognosis after Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrence and Locoregional Recurrences in Five National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Node-Positive Adjuvant Breast Cancer Trials,” Journal of Clinical Oncology24, no. 13 (2006): 2028–37.

   43.  I. L. Wapnir, et al., “Long-Term Outcomes of Invasive Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrences After Lumpectomy in NSABP B-17 and B-24 Randomized Clinical Trials for DCIS,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute103, no. 6 (2011): 478–88.

   44.  L. Kelley, M. Silverstein, and L. Guerra, “Analyzing the Risk of Recurrence After Mastectomy for DCIS: A New Use for the USC/Van Nuys Prognostic Index,” Annals of Surgical Oncology18, no. 2 (2011): 459–62.

   45.  M. S. Moran et al., “Society of Surgical Oncology–American Society for Radiation Oncology Consensus Guideline on Margins for Breast-Conserving Surgery with Whole-Breast Irradiation in Stages I and II Invasive Breast Cancer,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology * Physics88, no. 3 (2014): 553–64.

   46.  G.M. Freedman and B. L. Fowble, “Local Recurrence After Mastectomy or Breast-Conserving Surgery and Radiation,” Oncology (Williston Park)14, no. 11 (November 2000): 1561–81; M. Colleoni et al., “Annual Hazard Rates of Recurrence for Breast Cancer During 24 Years of Follow-Up: Results from the International Breast Cancer Study Group Trials I to V,” Journal of Clinical Oncology34, no. 9 (2016): 927–35.

   47.  B. Gerber, M. Freund, and T. Reimer, “Recurrent Breast Cancer: Treatment Strategies for Maintaining and Prolonging Good Quality of Life,” Deutsches Arzteblatt International107, no. 6 (2010): 85–91; Nick Mulcahy, “The Mystery of a Common Breast Cancer Statistic,” Medscape, August 18, 2015, https://www​.medscape​.com/viewarticle/849644#vp_1.

   48.  K. L. Kummerow et al., “Nationwide Trends in Mastectomy for Early-Stage Breast Cancer,” JAMA Surgery150, no. 1 (2015): 9–16.

   49.  C. S. Fisher et al., “Fear of Recurrence and Perceived Survival Benefit Are Primary Motivators for Choosing Mastectomy over Breast-Conservation Therapy Regardless of Age,” Annals of Surgical Oncology19, no. 10 (2012): 3246–50.

   50.  M. A. Warmuth et al., “Complications of Axillary Lymph Node Dissection for Carcinoma of the Breast: A Report Based on a Patient Survey,” Cancer83 (1998): 1362–68; D. Ivens et al., “Assessment of Morbidity from Complete Axillary Dissection,” British Journal of Cancer66, no. 1 (1992): 136–38; E. K. Yeoh et al., “Primary Breast Cancer: Complications of Axillary Management,”Acta Radiologica Oncology25, no. 2 (1986): 105–8.

   51.  A. Lucci et al., “Surgical Complications Associated with Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection (SLND) Plus Axillary Lymph Node Dissection Compared with SLND Alone in the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Trial,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 25 (2007): 3657.

   52.  L. G. Wilke et al., “Surgical Complications Associated with Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: Results from a Prospective International Cooperative Group Trial,” Annals of Surgical Oncology13, no. 4 (2006): 491–500; R. E. Mansel et al., “Randomized Multicenter Trial of Sentinel Node Biopsy Versus Standard Axillary Treatment in Operable Breast Cancer: The ALMANAC Trial,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute98, no. 9 (May 2006): 599–609.

   53.  A. E. Giuliano et al., “Axillary Dissection vs No Axillary Dissection in Women with Invasive Breast Cancer and Sentinel Node Metastasis: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association305 (2011): 569–75.

   54.  T. W. F. Yen et al., “Predictors of Invasive Breast Cancer in Patients with an Initial Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: A Guide to Selective Use of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Management of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons200, no. 4 (2005): 516–26.

   55.  I. A. Czyszczon, L. Roland, and S. Sahoo, “Routine Prophylactic Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Is Not Indicated in Women Undergoing Prophylactic Mastectomy,” Journal of Surgical Oncology105, no. 7 (June 2012): 650–54; S. M. Nasser, S. G. Smith, and A. B. Chagpar, “The Role of Sentinel Node Biopsy in Women Undergoing Prophylactic Mastectomy,” Journal of Surgical Research164, no. 2 (2010): 188–92.

   56.  L. De La Cruz et al., “Overall Survival, Disease-Free Survival, Local Recurrence, and Nipple–Areolar Recurrence in the Setting of Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review,” Annals of Surgical Oncology22, no. 10 (2015): 3241–49.

   57.  K. Jonsson et al., “Tissue Oxygen Measurements in Delayed Skin Flaps: A Reconsideration of the Mechanisms of the Delay Phenomena,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery82 (1988): 328–35.

   58.  B. Palmieri et al., “Delayed Nipple‐Sparing Modified Subcutaneous Mastectomy: Rationale and Technique,” Breast Journal11, no. 3 (2005): 173–78.

   59.  S. Ghali et al., “Vascular Delay Revisited,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery119 (2007): 1735–44.

   60.  J. A. Jensen et al., “Surgical Delay of the Nipple–Areolar Complex: A Powerful Technique to Maximize Nipple Viability Following Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy,” Annals of Surgical Oncology19, no. 10 (2012): 3171–76.

   61.  S. L. Spear et al., “Breast Reconstruction Using a Staged Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy Following Mastopexy or Reduction,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery129, no. 3 (2012): 572–81.

   62.  R. M. Leach, P. J. Rees, and P. Wilmshurst, “ABC of Oxygen: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy,” British Medical Journal317, no. 7166 (1998): 1140.

   63.  C. R. Albornoz et al., “A Paradigm Shift in U.S. Breast Reconstruction: Increasing Implant Rates,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery131, no. 1 (2013): 15–23.

   64.  A. K. Alderman et al., “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Postmastectomy Breast Reconstruction: Results from a Population-Based Study,” Journal of Clinical Oncology27, no. 32 (2009): 5325–30; L. Kruper et al., “Disparities in Reconstruction Rates After Mastectomy: Patterns of Care and Factors Associated with the Use of Breast Reconstruction in Southern California,”Annals of Surgical Oncology18, no. 8 (2011): 2158–65.

   65.  M. Morrow et al., “Access to Breast Reconstruction After Mastectomy and Patient Perspectives on Reconstruction Decision Making,” JAMA Surgery 149, no. 10 (2014): 1015–21.

   66.  R. J. Bleicher et al., “Time to Surgery and Breast Cancer Survival in the United States,” JAMA Oncology2, no. 3 (2016): 330–39.

   67.  D. J. MacKay and A. L. Miller, “Nutritional Support for Wound Healing,” Alternative Medicine Review8, no. 4 (2003): 359–78.

   68.  P. H. Huang et al., “Emodin and Aloe-emodin Suppress Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation Through ER·Inhibition,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine(2013); L. Zhang and I. R. Tizard, “Activation of a Mouse Macrophage Cell Line by Acemannan: The Major Carbohydrate Fraction from Aloe Vera Gel,” Immunopharmacology35, no. 2 (1996): 119–28.

   69.  B. Sweeney et al., “Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Dandelion (Taraxacum Officinale) by Natural Standard Research Collaboration,” Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy5, no. 1 (2005): 79–93.

   70.  P. M. Kidd, “Phosphatidyl Choline as an Aid to Liver Function,” Nutrition Science News1 (1996): 54.

   71.  H. Greenlee et al., “Clinical Applications of Silybum Marianum in Oncology,” Integrative Cancer Therapies6, no. 2 (2007): 158–65.

   72.  D. J. MacKay and A. L. Miller, “Nutritional Support for Wound Healing,” Alternative Medicine Review8, no. 4 (2003): 359–78.

   73.  N. Chaiyakunapruk et al., “The Efficacy of Ginger for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Meta-analysis,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology194 (2006): 95–99.

   74.  S. Prapaitrakool, A. Itharat, and L. Morinda, “Citrifolia for Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting,” Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 93, no. 7 (2010): S204–9.

   75.  J. Webster and S. Osborne, “Preoperative Bathing or Showering with Skin Antiseptics to Prevent Surgical Site Infection,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews2 (2007).

   76.  S. M. Hatfield and M. Sitkovsky, “Oxygenation to Improve Cancer Vaccines, Adoptive Cell Transfer and Blockade of Immunological Negative Regulators,” Oncoimmunology4, no. 12 (2015): e1052934.

   77.  M. L. Margolis et al., “Racial Differences Pertaining to a Belief About Lung Cancer Surgery: Results of a Multicenter Survey,” Annals of Internal Medicine139, no. 7 (2003): 558–63.

   78.  A. James, C. M. Daley, and K. A. Greiner, “‘Cutting’ on Cancer: Attitudes About Cancer Spread and Surgery Among Primary Care Patients in the USA,” Social Science and Medicine73, no. 11 (2011): 1669–73.

   79.  H. V. Ratajczak, R. B. Sothern, and W. J. M. Hrushesky, “Estrous Influence on Surgical Cure of a Mouse Breast Cancer,” Journal of Experimental Medicine168 (1988): 73–83.

   80.  R. A. Badwe et al., “Timing of Surgery During Menstrual Cycle and Survival of Premenopausal Women with Operable Breast Cancer,” Lancet337 (1991): 1261–64; R. Sainsbury et al., “Timing of Surgery for Breast Cancer and Menstrual Cycle,” Lancet338 (1991): 391–92.

   81.  U. Veronesi et al., “Effect of Menstrual Phase on Surgical Treatment of Breast Cancer,” Lancet343 (1994): 1544–46; R. A. Badwe, I. Mittra, and R. Havaldar, “Timing of Surgery During the Menstrual Cycle and Prognosis of Breast Cancer,” Journal of Biosciences 25, no. 1 (2000): 113–20; I. S. Fentiman, “Timing of Surgery for Breast Cancer,” International Journal of Clinical Practice56, no. 3 (2002): 188–90; D. Coradini et al., “Fluctuation of Intratumor Biological Variables as a Function of Menstrual Timing of Surgery for Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Patients,” Annals of Oncology14, no. 6 (2003): 962–64; Z. Saad et al., “Timing of Surgery Influences Survival in Receptor-Negative as Well as Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer,” European Journal of Cancer30A, no. 9 (1994): 1348–52; R. T. Senie et al., “Timing of Breast Cancer Excision During the Menstrual Cycle Influences Duration of Disease-Free Survival,” Annals of Internal Medicine115, no. 5 (1991): 337–42.

   82.  A. Goldhirsch et al., “Timing Breast Cancer Surgery,” Lancet338 (1991): 691–92; B. Nathan et al., “Timing of Surgery for Breast Cancer in Relation to the Menstrual Cycle and Survival of Premenopausal Women,” British Journal of Surgery80 (1993): 43; P. Pujol et al., “A Prospective Prognostic Study of the Hormonal Milieu at the Time of Surgery in Premenopausal Breast Carcinoma,” Cancer91, no. 10 (2001): 1854–61; Y. Nomura et al., “Lack of Correlation Between Timing of Surgery in Relation to the Menstrual Cycle and Prognosis of Premenopausal Patients with Early Breast Cancer,” European Journal of Cancer35, no. 9 (1999): 1326–30; Y. Takeda et al., “Does the Timing of Surgery for Breast Cancer in Relation to the Menstrual Cycle or Geomagnetic Activity Affect Prognoses of Premenopausal Patients?” Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy57, no. 1 (2003): 96s–103s; A. Mangia et al., “Timing of Breast Cancer Surgery Within the Menstrual Cycle: Tumor Proliferative Activity, Receptor Status and Short-Term Clinical Outcome,” Journal of Experimental and Clinical Cancer Research17, no. 3 (1998): 317–23; G. Mondini et al., “Timing of Surgery Related to Menstrual Cycle and Prognosis of Premenopausal Women with Breast Cancer,” Anticancer Research17, no. 1B (1997): 787–90; K. Holli, J. Isola, and M. Hakama, “Prognostic Effect of Timing of Operation in Relation to Menstrual Phase of Breast Cancer Patient—Fact or Fallacy,” British Journal of Cancer71, no. 1 (1995): 124–27; N. Kroman et al., “Timing of Surgery in Relation to Menstrual Cycle Does Not Predict the Prognosis in Primary Breast Cancer,” European Journal of Surgical Oncology20, no. 4 (1994): 430–35; M. F. Gnant et al., “Breast Cancer and Timing of Surgery During Menstrual Cycle: A 5-Year Analysis of 385 Premenopausal Women,” International Journal of Cancer52, no. 4 (1992): 707–12.

   83.  W. L. McGuire, “The Optimal Timing of Mastectomy: Low Tide or High Tide,” Annals of Internal Medicine115 (1991): 401–3.

   84.  H. Thorpe et al., “Timing of Breast Cancer Surgery in Relation to Menstrual Cycle Phase: No Effect on 3-Year Prognosis: The ITS Study,” British Journal of Cancer98, no. 1 (2008): 39–44; C. S. Grant et al., “Menstrual Cycle and Surgical Treatment of Breast Cancer: Findings from the NCCTG N9431 Study,” Journal of Clinical Oncology27, no. 22 (2009): 3620–26; P. Pujol et al., “A Prospective Prognostic Study of the Hormonal Milieu at the Time of Surgery in Premenopausal Breast Carcinoma,” Cancer91 (2001): 1854–61.

   85.  B. Fisher et al., “Reanalysis and Results After 12 Years of Follow-Up in a Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Total Mastectomy with Lumpectomy with or Without Irradiation in the Treatment of Breast Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine333 (1995): 1456–61.

   86.  R. Holland et al., “Histologic Multifocality of Tis, T1–2 Breast Carcinomas: Implications for Clinical Trials of Breast-Conserving Surgery,” Cancer56 (1985): 979–90.

   87.  M. Clarke et al., “Effects of Radiotherapy and of Differences in the Extent of Surgery for Early Breast Cancer on Local Recurrence and 15-Year Survival: An Overview of the Randomised Trials,” Lancet366 (2005): 2087–106.

   88.  J. Hastings et al., “Risk Factors for Locoregional Recurrence After Mastectomy in Stage T1 N0 Breast Cancer,” American Journal of Clinical Oncology37, no. 5 (2014): 486–91.

   89.  A. McBride et al., “Locoregional Recurrence Risk for Patients with T1, 2 Breast Cancer with 1–3 Positive Lymph Nodes Treated with Mastectomy and Systemic Treatment,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology * Physics89, no. 2 (2014): 392–98.

   90.  G. Jacobson, et al., “Randomized Trial of Pentoxifylline and Vitamin E vs Standard Follow-Up After Breast Irradiation to Prevent Breast Fibrosis, Evaluated by Tissue Compliance Meter,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics 85, no. 3 (2013): 604–8; T. B. Chiao and A. J. Lee, “Role of Pentoxifylline and Vitamin E in Attenuation of Radiation-Induced Fibrosis,” Annals of Pharmacotherapy39, no. 3 (2005): 516–22.

   91.  T. J. Whelan et al., “Long-Term Results of Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine362, no. 6 (2010): 513–20.

   92.  T. D. Smile et al., “Accelerated Partial-Breast Irradiation: An Emerging Standard of Care,” Applied Radiation Oncology, http://appliedradiationoncology.com/articles​/accelerated-partial-breast-irradiation-an-emerging-standard-of-care.

   93.  U. Veronesi et al., “Radiotherapy After Breast-Conserving Surgery in Small Breast Carcinoma: Long-Term Results of a Randomized Trial,” Annals of Oncology12 (2001): 997–1003.

   94.  F. Sedlmayer, F. Zehentmayr, and G. Fastner, “Partial Breast Re-irradiation for Local Recurrence of Breast Carcinoma: Benefit and Long Term Side Effects,” Breast22, no. 2 (August 2013): S141–46.

   95.  J. S. Vaidya et al., “Targeted Intraoperative Radiotherapy (TARGIT): An Innovative Approach to Partial-Breast Irradiation,” Seminars in Radiation Oncology15, no. 2 (April 2005): 84–91; U. Veronesi et al., “Intraoperative Radiotherapy Versus External Beam Radiotherapy for Early Breast Cancer (ELIOT): A Randomised Controlled Equivalence Trial,” Lancet Oncology14, no. 13 (December 2013): 1269–77.

   96.  C. Shah, J. Wobb, and A. Khan, “Intraoperative Radiation Therapy in Breast Cancer: Still Not Ready for Prime Time,” Annals of Surgical Oncology 23, no. 6 (2016): 1796–98.

   97.  American Cancer Society, Global Cancer Facts & Figures,3rd ed. (Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2015), https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org​/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/global-cancer-facts-and-figures/global-cancer​-facts-and-figures-3rd-edition.pdf.

   98.  M. Clarke et al., “Effects of Radiotherapy and of Differences in the Extent of Surgery for Early Breast Cancer on Local Recurrence and 15-Year Survival: An Overview of the Randomised Trials,” Lancet366, no. 9503 (December 2005): 2087–106.

   99.  E. Styring et al., “Radiation-Associated Angiosarcoma After Breast Cancer: Improved Survival by Excision of All Irradiated Skin and Soft Tissue of the Thoracic Wall? A Report of Six Patients,” Acta Oncologica54, no. 7 (2015): 1078–80.

100.  T. Grantzau and J. Overgaard, “Risk of Second Non-Breast Cancer Among Patients Treated with and Without Postoperative Radiotherapy for Primary Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Population-Based Studies Including 522,739 Patients,” Radiotherapy and Oncology121, no. 3 (2016): 402–13.

101.  C. Shah et al., “Brachytherapy-Based Partial Breast Irradiation Is Associated with Low Rates of Complications and Excellent Cosmesis,” Brachytherapy12, no. 4 (2013): 278–84.

102.  National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), “NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Breast Cancer,” https://www.nccn.org/professionals​/physician_gls/default.aspx.

103.  I. H. Kunkler et al., “Breast-Conserving Surgery with or Without Irradiation in Women Aged 65 Years or Older with Early Breast Cancer (PRIME II): A Randomised Controlled Trial,” Lancet Oncology16, no. 3 (2015): 266–73.

104.  B. McCormick et al., “RTOG 9804: A Prospective Randomized Trial for Good-Risk Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Comparing Radiotherapy with Observation,” Journal of Clinical Oncology33, no. 7 (March 2015): 709–15.

105.  M. Donker et al., “Breast-Conserving Treatment with or Without Radiotherapy in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: 15-Year Recurrence Rates and Outcome After a Recurrence, from the EORTC 10853 Randomized Phase III Trial,” Journal of Clinical Oncology31, no. 32 (2013): 4054–59.

106.  L. J. Solin et al., “A Multi-Gene Expression Assay to Predict Local Recurrence Risk for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute105, no. 10 (May 2013): 701–10.

107.  C. E. DeSantis et al., “Breast Cancer Statistics, 2015: Convergence of Incidence Rates Between Black and White Women,” CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians66, no. 1 (2016): 31–42.

108.  J. F. R. Robertson et al., “Fulvestrant 500 mg Versus Anastrozole 1 mg for Hormone Receptor-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer (FALCON): An International, Randomised, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Trial,” Lancet388, no. 10063 (2016): 2997–3005.

109.  Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group, “Relevance of Breast Cancer Hormone Receptors and Other Factors to the Efficacy of Adjuvant Tamoxifen: Patient-Level Meta-analysis of Randomised Trials,” Lancet 378, no. 9793 (2011): 771–84.

110.  A. Howell et al., “Results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) Trial after Completion of 5 Years’ Adjuvant Treatment for Breast Cancer,” Lancet365, no. 9453 (2005): 60–62.

111.  O. Pagani, M. M. Regan, and P. A. Francis, “TEXT and SOFT Investigators; International Breast Cancer Study Group. Exemestane with Ovarian Suppression in Premenopausal Breast Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine371 (2014): 1358–59.

112.  C. Davies et al., “Adjuvant Tamoxifen: Longer Against Shorter (ATLAS) Collaborative Group. Long-Term Effects of Continuing Adjuvant Tamoxifen to 10 Years Versus Stopping at 5 Years After Diagnosis of Oestrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer: ATLAS, a Randomised Trial,” Lancet381 (2013): 805–16.

113.  P. E. Goss et al., “A Randomized Trial of Letrozole in Postmenopausal Women After Five Years of Tamoxifen Therapy for Early-Stage Breast Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine349 (2003): 1793–802.

114.  D. C. Allred et al., “Adjuvant Tamoxifen Reduces Subsequent Breast Cancer in Women with Estrogen Receptor-Positive Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: A Study Based on NSABP Protocol B-24,” Journal of Clinical Oncology30, no. 12 (April 2012): 1268–73.

115.  L. Fallowfield et al., “Quality of Life of Postmenopausal Women in the Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) Adjuvant Breast Cancer Trial,” Journal of Clinical Oncology22, no. 21 (November 2004): 4261–71.

116.  D. Slamon et al., “Adjuvant Trastuzumab in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine365 (2011): 1273–83.

117.  H. S. Rugo et al., “Heritage: A Phase III Safety and Efficacy Trial of the Proposed Trastuzumab Biosimilar Myl-1401O Versus Herceptin,” Journal of Clinical Oncology34, no. 18, LBA503.

118.  R. S. Finn et al., “The Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitor Palbociclib in Combination with Letrozole Versus Letrozole Alone as First-Line Treatment of Oestrogen Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative, Advanced Breast Cancer (PALOMA-1​/TRIO-18): A Randomised Phase 2 Study,” Lancet Oncology 16, no. 1 (2015): 25–35; “Ribociclib Effective in Younger Breast Cancer Patients Too,” Medscape, December 8, 2017, https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/889777?nlid=​119488_2202.

119.  B. Warth et al., “Metabolomics Reveals That Dietary Xenoestrogens Alter Cellular Metabolism Induced by Palbociclib/Letrozole Combination Cancer Therapy,” Cell Chemical Biology(January 2018), accessed January 30, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016​/j.chembiol.2017.12.010.

120.  H. L. McArthur and D. B. Page, “Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Breast Cancer: Checkpoint Blockade, Cancer Vaccines, and Future Directions in Combination Immunotherapy,” Clinical Advances in Hematology and Oncology14, no. 11 (2016): 922–33.

121.  E. M. Walker et al., “Acupuncture Versus Venlafaxine for the Management of Vasomotor Symptoms in Patients with Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of Clinical Oncology28, no. 4 (2009): 634–40.

122.  T. Gansler et al., “A Population‐Based Study of Prevalence of Complementary Methods Use by Cancer Survivors,” Cancer113, no. 5 (2008): 1048–57.

123.  M. A. Richardson et al., “Complementary/Alternative Medicine Use in a Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Implications for Oncology,” Journal of Clinical Oncology18, no. 13 (2000): 2505–14.

124.  H. S. Boon, F. Olatunde, and S. M. Zick, “Trends in Complementary/Alternative Medicine Use by Breast Cancer Survivors: Comparing Survey Data from 1998 and 2005,” BMC Women’s Health7, no. 1 (2007): 4.

125.  A. Molassiotis et al., “Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Cancer Patients: A European Survey,” Annals of Oncology16, no. 4 (2005): 655–63.

Chapter 10: Now What? Life After Diagnosis and Treatment

     1.  J. L. Khatcheressian et al., “Breast Cancer Follow-Up and Management After Primary Treatment: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update,” Journal of Clinical Oncology31, no. 7 (2012): 961–65.

     2.  The GIVIO Investigators, “Impact of Follow-Up Testing on Survival and Health-Related Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Patients. A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association271, no. 20 (May 1994): 1587–92; S. De Placido et al., “Imaging Tests in Staging and Surveillance of Non-metastatic Breast Cancer: Changes in Routine Clinical Practice and Cost Implications,” British Journal of Cancer116, no. 6 (2017): 821.

     3.  A. Lucci et al., “Circulating Tumour Cells in Non-metastatic Breast Cancer: A Prospective Study,” Lancet Oncology13, no. 7 (July 2012): 688–95.

     4.  S. J. Dawson et al., “Analysis of Circulating Tumor DNA to Monitor Metastatic Breast Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine368, no. 13 (2013): 1199–209.

     5.  E. Grunfeld et al., “Population-Based Longitudinal Study of Follow-Up Care for Breast Cancer Survivors,” Journal of Oncology Practice6, no. 4 (July 2010): 174–81.

     6.  LIVESTRONG,How Cancer Has Affected Post-treatment Survivors: A LIVESTRONG Report, https://d1un1nybq8gi3x.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/what-we​-do​/reports/LSSurvivorSurveyReport.pdf.

     7.  Z. Koak and J. Overgaard, “Risk Factors of Arm Lymphedema in Breast Cancer Patients,” Acta Oncologica39 (2000): 389–92.

     8.  P. W. Whitworth and A. Cooper, “Reducing Chronic Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema Utilizing a Program of Prospective Surveillance with Bioimpedance Spectroscopy,” Breast Journal24, no. 1 (2017): 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1111/tbj.12939; A. Soran, et al., “The Iimportance of Detection of Subclinical Lymphedema for the Prevention of Breast Cancer-Related Clinical Lymphedema After Axillary Lymph Node Dissection: A Prospective Observational Study,” Lymphatic Research and Biology12, no. 4 (2014): 289–94; A. Laidley and B. Anglin, “The Impact of L-Dex Measurements in Assessing Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema as Part of Routine Clinical Practice,” Frontiers in Oncology6 (2016); M. T. Lacomba et al., “Effectiveness of Early Physiotherapy to Prevent Lymphoedema After Surgery for Breast Cancer: Randomised, Single Blinded, Clinical Trial,” BMJ340 (2010):
b5396.

     9.  T. DiSipio et al., “Incidence of Unilateral Arm Lymphoedema After Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Lancet Oncology14, no. 6 (2013): 500–15.

   10.  M. T. Lacomba et al., “Effectiveness of Early Physiotherapy to Prevent Lymphoedema After Surgery for Breast Cancer: Randomised, Single Blinded, Clinical Trial,” British Medical Journal340 (January 2010): b5396.

   11.  International Society of Lymphology, “The Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Lymphedema. 2009 Concensus Document of the International Society of Lymphology,” Lymphology42, no. 2 (2009): 51–60.

   12.  R. Ito and H. Suami, “Overview of Lymph Node Transfer for Lymphedema Treatment,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery134, no. 3 (2014): 548–56.

   13.  S. L. Showalter et al., “Lifestyle Risk Factors Associated with Arm Swelling AmongWomen with Breast Cancer,” Annals of Surgical Oncology20, no. 3 (March 2013): 842–49.

   14.  C. M. Ferguson et al., “Impact of Ipsilateral Blood Draws, Injections, Blood Pressure Measurements, and Air Travel on the Risk of Lymphedema for Patients Treated for Breast Cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology34, no. 7 (2015): 691–98.

   15.  S. Dhesy-Thind et al., “Use of Adjuvant Bisphosphonates and Other Bone-Modifying Agents in Breast Cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 18 (June 2017): 2062–81.

   16.  K. D. Crew, “Prevalence of Joint Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women Taking Aromatase Inhibitors for Early-Stage Breast Cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 25 (September 2007): 3877–83.

   17.  M. Seretny et al., “Incidence, Prevalence, and Predictors of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” PAIN155, no. 12 (2014): 2461–70.

   18.  D. Irvine et al., “The Prevalence and Correlates of Fatigue in Patients Receiving Treatment with Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy,” Cancer Nursing17, no. 5 (October 1994): 367–78.

   19.  J. E. Bower et al., “Fatigue in Breast Cancer Survivors: Occurrence, Correlates, and Impact on Quality of Life,” Journal of Clinical Oncology18, no. 4 (February 2000): 743–53.

   20.  D. S. Dizon, “Quality of Life After Breast Cancer: Survivorship and Sexuality,” Breast Journal15, no. 5 (September–October 2009): 500–504.

   21.  J. E. Dew, B. G. Wren, and J. A. Eden, “A Cohort Study of Topical Vaginal Estrogen Therapy in Women Previously Treated for Breast Cancer,” Climacteric6, no. 1 (March 2003): 45–52.

   22.  A. Kendall et al., “Caution: Vaginal Estradiol Appears to Be Contraindicated in Postmenopausal Women on Adjuvant Aromatase Inhibitors,” Annals of Oncology17, no. 4 (April 2006): 584–87.

   23.  A. Chang et al., “The Effect of Herbal Extract (EstroG‐100) on Pre‐, Peri‐ and Post‐Menopausal Women: A Randomized Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study,” Phytotherapy Research26, no. 4 (2012): 510–16.

   24.  V. D. E. Simone and O. Pagani, “Pregnancy After Breast Cancer: Hope After the Storm,” Minerva Ginecologica69, no. 6 (December 2017): 597–607.

   25.  H. A. Azim et al., “Safety of Pregnancy Following Breast Cancer Diagnosis: A Meta-analysis of 14 Studies,” European Journal of Cancer47, no. 1 (2011): 74–83.

   26.  P. Fani, “Breastfeeding and Breast Cancer,” Health Science Journal 6, no. 4 (October–December 2012): 610.

   27.  O. G. Palesh et al., “A Longitudinal Study of Depression, Pain, and Stress as Predictors of Sleep Disturbance Among Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer,” Biological Psychology75, no. 1 (April 2007): 37–44.

   28.  F. N. Bokhari et al., “Pilot Study of a Survey to Identify the Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Chronic Neuropathic Pain Following Breast Cancer Surgery,” Oncology Nursing Forum 39, no. 2 (March 2012): E141–49.

   29.  M. C. Lauridsen, P. Christiansen, and I. B. Hessov, “The Effect of Physiotherapy on Shoulder Function in Patients Surgically Treated for Breast Cancer: A Randomized Study,” Acta Oncologica44, no. 5 (2005): 449–57.

   30.  M. T. Lacomba et al., “Axillary Web Syndrome After Axillary Dissection in Breast Cancer: A Prospective Study,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment117, no. 3 (2009): 625–30.

   31.  K. M. Mustian et al., “A 4-Week Home-Based Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Program During Radiation Therapy: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial,” Journal of Supportive Oncology7, no. 5 (September–October 2009): 158–67; I. Cantarero-Villanueva et al., “Effectiveness of Water Physical Therapy on Pain, Pressure Pain Sensitivity, and Myofascial Trigger Points in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial,” Pain Medicine13, no. 11 (November 2012): 1509–19.

   32.  P. F. Pradat et al., “Radiation-Induced Neuropathies: Collateral Damage of Improved Cancer Prognosis,” Revue Neurologique168 (2012): 939–50.

   33.  C. P. Watson and R. J. Evans, “The Postmastectomy Pain Syndrome and Topical Capsaicin: A Randomized Trial,” Pain51, no. 3 (December 1992): 375–79.

   34.  H. S. Smith and S. X. Wu, “Persistent Pain After Breast Cancer Treatment,” Annals of Palliative Medicine1, no. 3 (2013): 182–94.

   35.  T. S. Alster and E. L. Tanzi, “Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids,” American Journal of Clinical Dermatology4, no. 4 (2003): 235–43.

   36.  M. G. Khouri et al., “Cancer Therapy–Induced Cardiac Toxicity in Early Breast Cancer,” Circulation126, no. 23 (2012): 2749–63.

   37.  I. F. Tannock et al., “Cognitive Impairment Associated with Chemotherapy for Cancer: Report of a Workshop,” Journal of Clinical Oncology22, no. 11 (2004): 2233–39.

   38.  M. Ramalho et al., “Cognitive Impairment in the First Year After Breast Cancer Diagnosis: A Prospective Cohort Study,” Breast32 (2017): 173–78.

   39.  D. H. Silverman et al. “Abnormal Regional Brain Metabolism in Breast Cancer Survivors After Adjuvant Chemotherapy Is Associated with Cognitive Changes,” Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology22 (2003).

   40.  S. B. Schagen et al., “Change in Cognitive Function After Chemotherapy: A Prospective Longitudinal Study in Breast Cancer Patients,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute98, no. 23 (2006): 1742–45.

   41.  X. Chen et al., “Decision-Making Impairments in Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Tamoxifen,” Hormones and Behavior 66, no. 2 (2014): 449–56.

   42.  T. A. Ahles and A. J. Saykin, “Candidate Mechanisms for Chemotherapy-Induced Cognitive Changes,” Nature Reviews: Cancer7, no. 3 (March 2007): 192–201.

   43.  R. J. Ferguson et al., “Cognitive‐Behavioral Management of Chemotherapy‐Related Cognitive Change,” Psycho-Oncology16, no. 8 (2007): 772–77.

   44.  Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group, “Tamoxifen for Early Breast Cancer: An Overview of the Randomised Trials,” Lancet351, no. 9114 (May 1998): 1451–67.

   45.  M. Schaapveld et al., “Risk of New Primary Nonbreast Cancers After Breast Cancer Treatment: A Dutch Population-Based Study,” Journal of Clinical Oncology26, no. 8 (March 2008): 1239–46.

   46.  E. Diamandidou et al., “Treatment-Related Leukemia in Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Fluorouracil-doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide Combination Adjuvant Chemotherapy: The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Experience,” Journal of Clinical Oncology14, no. 10 (October 1996): 2722–30.

   47.  T. Grantzau and J. Overgaard, “Risk of Second Non-breast Cancer Among Patients Treated with and Without Postoperative Radiotherapy for Primary Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Population-Based Studies Including 522,739 Patients,” Radiotherapy and Oncology121, no. 3 (2016): 402–13.

   48.  H. G. Björneklett et al., “A Randomised Controlled Trial of Support Group Intervention After Breast Cancer Treatment: Results on Anxiety and Depression,”Acta Oncologica51, no. 2 (February 2012): 198–207; H. G. Björneklett et al., “Long-Term Follow-Up of a Randomized Study of Support Group Intervention in Women with Primary Breast Cancer,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research74, no. 4 (April 2013): 346–53.

   49.  R. Jagsi et al., “Patient-Reported Quality of Life and Satisfaction with Cosmetic Outcomes After Breast Conservation and Mastectomy with and Without Reconstruction: Results of a Survey of Breast Cancer Survivors,” Annals of Surgery261, no. 6 (2015): 1198.

   50.  M. E. Mast, “Survivors of Breast Cancer: Illness Uncertainty, Positive Reappraisal, and Emotional Distress,” Oncology Nursing Forum25, no. 3 (April 1998): 555–62.

   51.  R. R. Bouknight, C. J. Bradley, and Z. Luo, “Correlates of Return to Work for Breast Cancer Survivors,” Journal of Clinical Oncology24, no. 3 (2006): 345–53.

   52.  J. H. Lee et al., “US Screening for Detection of Nonpalpable Locoregional Recurrence After Mastectomy,” European Journal of Radiology82, no. 3 (2013): 485–89; Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group, “Effects of Radiotherapy and of Differences in the Extent of Surgery for Early Breast Cancer on Local Recurrence and 15-Year Survival: An Overview of the Randomised Trials,” Lancet366, no. 9503 (2006): 2087–2106.

   53.  I. L. Wapnir et al., “Prognosis After Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrence and Locoregional Recurrences in Five National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Node-Positive Adjuvant Breast Cancer Trials,” Journal of Clinical Oncology24, no. 13 (May 2006): 2028–37.

   54.  S. J. Anderson et al., “Prognosis After Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrence and Locoregional Recurrences in Patients Treated by Breast-Conserving Therapy in Five National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocols of Node-Negative Breast Cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology27, no. 15 (2009): 2466–73.

   55.  M. Trombetta et al., “Breast Conservation Surgery and Interstitial Brachytherapy in the Management of Locally Recurrent Carcinoma of the Breast: The Allegheny General Hospital Experience,” Brachytherapy7, no. 1 (January–March 2008): 29–36; T. E. Alpert et al., “Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrence After Breast Conservation Therapy: Outcomes of Salvage Mastectomy vs. Salvage Breast-Conserving Surgery and Prognostic Factors for Salvage Breast Preservation,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology * Physics63 (2005): 845–51.

   56.  J. O’Shaughnessy, “Extending Survival with Chemotherapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer,” Oncologist10, no. 3 (2005): 20–29; S. Saadatmand et al., “Influence of Tumour Stage at Breast Cancer Detection on Survival in Modern Times: Population-Based Study in 173,797 Patients” BMJ351 (2015): h4901; B. Gerber, M. Freund, and T. Reimer, “Recurrent Breast Cancer: Treatment Strategies for Maintaining and Prolonging Good Quality of Life,” Deutsches Arzteblatt International107, no. 6 (2010): 85–91; Nick Mulcahy, “The Mystery of a Common Breast Cancer Statistic,” Medscape, August 18, 2015, https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/849644#vp_1.

   57.  A. B. Mariotto et al., “Estimation of the Number of Women Living with Metastatic Breast Cancer in the United States,” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers26, no. 6 (2017): 809–15.

   58.  Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group, “Effects of Chemotherapy and Hormonal Therapy for Early Breast Cancer on Recurrence and 15-Year Survival: An Overview of the Randomised Trials,” Lancet365, no. 9472 (2005): 1687–17.

   59.  F. J. Esteva et al., “Molecular Prognostic Factors for Breast Cancer Metastasis and Survival,” Seminars in Radiation Oncology 12, no. 4 (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2002).

   60.  L. Natarajan et al., “Time-Varying Effects of Prognostic Factors Associated with Disease-Free Survival in Breast Cancer,” American Journal of Epidemiology169, no. 12 (2009): 1463–70.

   61.  W. F. Anderson, I. Jatoi, and S. S. Devesa, “Distinct Breast Cancer Incidence and Prognostic Patterns in the NCI’s SEER Program: Suggesting a Possible Link Between Etiology and Outcome,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment90, no. 2 (2005): 127–37.

   62.  C. Fan et al., “Concordance Among Gene-Expression–Based Predictors for Breast Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine 355, no. 6 (2006): 560–69.

   63.  S. Paik et al., “A Multigene Assay to Predict Recurrence of Tamoxifen-Treated,
Node-Negative Breast Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine351, no. 27 (2004): 2817–26.

   64.  C. Desmedt et al., “Strong Time Dependence of the 76-Gene Prognostic Signature for Node-Negative Breast Cancer Patients in the TRANSBIG Multicenter Independent Validation Series,” Clinical Cancer Research13, no. 11 (June 2007): 3207–14.

   65.  S. Friberg and S. Mattson, “On the Growth Rates of Human Malignant Tumors: Implications for Medical Decision Making,” Journal of Surgical Oncology65, no. 4 (1997): 284–97.

   66.  M. Colleoni et al., “Annual Hazard Rates of Recurrence for Breast Cancer During 24 Years of Follow-Up: Results from the International Breast Cancer Study Group Trials I to V,” Journal of Clinical Oncology34, no. 9 (2016): 927–35.

   67.  S. H. Giordano et al., “Is Breast Cancer Survival Improving?” Cancer100, no. 1 (2004): 44–52.

   68.  S. K. Chia et al., “The Impact of New Chemotherapeutic and Hormone Agents on Survival in a Population‐Based Cohort of Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer,” Cancer110, no. 5 (2007): 973–79.

   69.  H. Kennecke et al., “Metastatic Behavior of Breast Cancer Subtypes,” Journal of Clinical Oncology28, no. 20 (July 2010): 3271–77.

   70.  G. N. Hortobagyi, “Can We Cure Limited Metastatic Breast Cancer?” Journal of Clinical Oncology20, no. 3 (February 2002): 620–23.

   71.  E. O. Hanrahan et al., “Combined‐Modality Treatment for Isolated Recurrences of Breast Carcinoma,” Cancer104, no. 6 (2005): 1158–71.

   72.  M. T. Milano et al., “Oligometastases Treated with Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy: Long-Term Follow-Up of Prospective Study,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology * Physics83, no. 3 (2012): 878–86.

   73.  M. Gerlinger et al., “Intratumor Heterogeneity and Branched Evolution Revealed by Multiregion Sequencing,” New England Journal of Medicine366, no. 10 (2012): 883–92.

   74.  L. A. Diaz Jr. and A. Bardelli, “Liquid Biopsies: Genotyping Circulating Tumor DNA,” Journal of Clinical Oncology32, no. 6 (2014): 579–86.

   75.  J. Giese-Davis et al., “Decrease in Depression Symptoms Is Associated with Longer Survival in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Secondary Analysis,” Journal of Clinical Oncology29, no. 4 (2010): 413–20.

   76.  C. S. Cleeland et al., “Pain Outcomes in Patients with Advanced Breast Cancer and Bone Metastases,” Cancer119, no. 4 (2013): 832–38.

   77.  O. Pagani et al., “International Guidelines for Management of Metastatic Breast Cancer: Can Metastatic Breast Cancer Be Cured?” Journal of the National Cancer Institute102, no. 7 (2010): 456–63.

   78.  O. Pagani et al., “International Guidelines for Management of Metastatic Breast Cancer: Can Metastatic Breast Cancer Be Cured?” Journal of the National Cancer Institute102, no. 7 (2010): 456–63.

   79.  L. Ross, “The Spiritual Dimension: Its Importance to Patients’ Health, Well-Being and Quality of Life and Its Implications for Nursing Practice,” International Journal of Nursing Studies32, no. 5 (October 1995): 457–68.

   80.  L. E. Ross et al., “Prayer and Self-Reported Health Among Cancer Survivors in the United States, National Health Interview Survey, 2002,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 14, no. 8 (2008): 931–38.

   81.  W. Breitbart, “Balancing Life and Death: Hope and Despair,” Palliative and Supportive Care3, no. 1 (2005): 57–58.

   82.  G. T. Reker, E. J. Peacock, and P. T. Wong, “Meaning and Purpose in Life and Well-Being: A Life-Span Perspective,” Journal of Gerontology 42, no. 1 (January 1987): 44–49.

   83.  S. E. Sephton et al., “Spiritual Expression and Immune Status in Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer: An Exploratory Study,” Breast Journal7, no. 5 (2001): 345–53.

   84.  S. C. Thompson and J. Pitts, “Factors Relating to a Person’s Ability to Find Meaning After a Diagnosis of Cancer,” Journal of Psychosocial Oncology 11, no. 3 (1993):1–21.

   85.  M. Preau, A. D. Bouhnik, and A. G. Le Coroller Soriano, “Two Years After Cancer Diagnosis, What Is the Relationship Between Health-Related Quality of Life, Coping Strategies and Spirituality?” Psychology, Health and Medicine18 (2013): 375–86.

   86.  B. Skinn, “The Relationship of Belief in Control and Purpose in Life to Adult Lung Cancer Patients’ Information to Use Unproven Cancer Therapies,” Canadian Oncology Nursing Journal 4(1994): 66–71; E. J. Taylor, “Factors Associated with Meaning in Life Among Women with Recurrent Cancer,” Oncology Nursing Forum 9 (1993):1399–405.

   87.  T. L. Gall and M. W. Cornblat, “Breast Cancer Survivors Give Voice: A Qualitative Analysis of Spiritual Factors in Long-Term Adjustment,” Psycho-Oncology11,no. 6 (November–December 2002):524–35.

   88.  H. S. L. Jim et al., “Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health in Cancer Patients: A Meta‐analysis,” Cancer121, no. 21 (2015): 3760–68.

   89.  L. H. Powell, L. Shahabi, and C. E. Thoresen, “Religion and Spirituality: Linkages to Physical Health,” American Psychologist58 (2003): 36–52.

   90.  N. Bolger et al., “Close Relationships and Adjustment to a Life Crisis: The Case of Breast Cancer,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology70, no. 2 (1996): 283–94.

   91.  N. Pistrang and C. Barker, “The Partner Relationship in Psychological Response to Breast Cancer,” Social Science and Medicine40, no. 6 (1995): 789–97.

   92.  S. M. Bigatti et al., “Breast Cancer in a Wife: How Husbands Cope and How Well It Works,” Cancer Nursing34, no. 3 (May–June 2011): 193–201; C. D. Wagner, S. M. Bigatti, and A. M. Storniolo, “Quality of Life of Husbands of Women with Breast Cancer,” Psycho-Oncology15, no. 2 (2006): 109–20.

   93.  E. H. Zahlis and F. M. Lewis, “Coming to Grips with Breast Cancer: The Spouse’s Experience with His Wife’s First Six Months,” Journal of Psychosocial Oncology28, no. 1 (2010): 79–97.

   94.  M. Dorval et al., “Marital Stability After Breast Cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute91, no. 1 (1999): 54–59.

   95.  F. M. Lewis, M. A. Hammond, and N. F. Woods, “The Family’s Functioning with Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer in the Mother: The Development of an Explanatory Model,” Journal of Behavioral Medicine16, no. 4 (1993): 351–70.

   96.  T. Weiss, “Correlates of Posttraumatic Growth in Husbands of Breast Cancer Survivors,” Psycho-Oncology13, no. 4 (2004): 260–68.

   97.  R. R. Lichtman, S. E. Taylor, and J. V. Wood, “Social Support and Marital Adjustment After Breast Cancer,” Journal of Psychosocial Oncology5, no. 3 (1988): 47–74.

   98.  S. Hughes et al., “Social Support Predicts Inflammation, Pain, and Depressive Symptoms: Longitudinal Relationships Among Breast Cancer Survivors,” Psychoneuroendocrinology42 (April 2014): 38–44.

   99.  E. Durá‐Ferrandis et al., “Personality, Coping, and Social Support as Predictors of Long‐Term Quality‐of‐Life Trajectories in Older Breast Cancer Survivors: CALGB Protocol 369901 (Alliance),” Psycho-Oncology 26, no. 11 (November 2017): 1914–21.

100.  C. H. Kroenke et al., “Social Networks, Social Support, and Burden in Relationships, and Mortality After Breast Cancer Diagnosis in the Life After Breast Cancer Epidemiology (LACE) Study,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment137, no. 1 (2013): 261–71.

101.  D. M. Crookes et al., “Social Networks and Social Support for Healthy Eating Among Latina Breast Cancer Survivors: Implications for Social and Behavioral Interventions,” Journal of Cancer Survivorship10, no. 2 (2016): 291–301.

102.  D. J. Attai et al., “Twitter Social Media Is an Effective Tool for Breast Cancer Patient Education and Support: Patient-Reported Outcomes by Survey,” Journal of Medical Internet Research17, no. 7 (July 2015): e188.

103.  L. Norton and J. Massagué, “Is Cancer a Disease of Self-Seeding?” Nature Medicine12, no. 8 (August 2006): 875–78.

104.  S. Paget, “The Distribution of Secondary Growths in Cancer of the Breast,” Cancer and Metastasis Reviews8, no. 2 (1989): 98–101.

105.  T. P. Butler and P. M. Gullino, “Quantitation of Cell Shedding into Efferent Blood of Mammary Adenocarcinoma,” Cancer Research35, no. 3 (1975): 512–16.

106.  L. U. Thompson et al., “Dietary Flaxseed Alters Tumor Biological Markers in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer,” Clinical Cancer Research11, no. 10 (May 2005): 3828–35.

107.  U. W. Nilsson Åberg et al., “Tamoxifen and Flaxseed Alter Angiogenesis Regulators in Normal Human Breast Tissue In Vivo,” PLoS One6, no. 9 (2011): e25720.

108.  K. Buck et al., “Serum Enterolactone and Prognosis of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, no. 28 (2011): 3730–38; S. E. McCann et al., “Dietary Lignan Intakes in Relation to Survival Among Women with Breast Cancer: The Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer (WEB) Study,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment122, no. 1 (2010): 229–35; P. Guglielmini, A. Rubagotti, and F. Boccardo, “Serum Enterolactone Levels and Mortality Outcome in Women with Early Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment132, no. 2 (2012): 661–68.

109.  N. Guha et al., “Soy Isoflavones and Risk of Cancer Recurrence in a Cohort of Breast Cancer Survivors: The Life After Cancer Epidemiology Study,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment118, no. 2 (2009): 395–405; X. O. Shu et al., “Soy Food Intake and Breast Cancer Survival,” Journal of the American Medical Association 302, no. 22 (December 2009): 2437–43.

110.  Y. Li et al., “Sulforaphane, a Dietary Component of Broccoli / Broccoli Sprouts, Inhibits Breast Cancer Stem Cells,” Clinical Cancer Research16, no. 9 (2010): 2580–90.

111.  B. S. Cornblatt et al., “Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of Sulforaphane for Chemoprevention in the Breast,” Carcinogenesis 28, no. 7 (2007): 1485–90.

112.  M. L. Neuhouser et al., “Vitamin D Insufficiency in a Multiethnic Cohort of Breast Cancer Survivors,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition88, no. 1 (2008): 133–39.

113.  J. M. Beasley et al., “Post-diagnosis Dietary Factors and Survival After Invasive Breast Cancer,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment128, no. 1 (2011): 229–36.

114.  S. Nechuta et al., “A Pooled Analysis of Post‐diagnosis Lifestyle Factors in Association with Late Estrogen‐Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer Prognosis,” International Journal of Cancer138, no. 9 (2016): 2088–97.

115.  M. D. Holmes et al., “Aspirin Intake and Survival After Breast Cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology28, no. 9 (2010): 1467–72.

116.  M. L. Kwan et al., “NSAIDs and Breast Cancer Recurrence in a Prospective Cohort Study,” Cancer Causes and Control18, no. 6 (August 2007): 613–20.

117.  B. L. Andersen et al., “Psychologic Intervention Improves Survival for Breast Cancer Patients,” Cancer113, no. 12 (2008): 3450–58.

118.  V. E. Frankl, The Will to Meaning: Foundations and Applications of Logotherapy(New York: Meridian Books, 1988).